micropython-samples

The first part of this repo contains assorted code ideas for MicroPython. Many are targeted at Pyboard variants. Some are intended as pointers to programmers rather than being complete. Egregious bugs will be fixed but I may not accept feature requests.

Section 5 is an index to complete applications and modules which are documented and supported.

0. Index

1. Installation guides
   1.1 Installing MicroPython libraries
   1.2 Fastbuild Build scripts and udev rules
   1.3 Installing PicoWeb For users of official firmware
   1.4 Buildcheck Check firmware build date
   1.5 Pyboard USB pitfall Read this if you're new to Pyboards
2. Hardware information and drivers
   2.1 ESP32 Pinout and notes on the reference board
   2.2 SSD1306 Write large fonts to the SSD1306.
   2.3 Pyboard D Some information remains absent or hard to find in the docs.
   2.4 DS3231 precision RTC Use cheap hardware to calibrate Pyboard RTC.
3. Essays General thoughts.
   3.1 Resilient A guide to writing resilient WiFi code
   3.2 Serialisation Review of MicroPython's four serialisation libraries
   3.3 Measurement of relative timing and phase of fast analog signals For Pyboard.
4. Code samples Samples prefixed Pyboard are Pyboard specific
   4.1 Pyboard Mutex Share data between threads and ISR's.
   4.2 Pyboard watchdog Access a Pyboard hardware WDT.
   4.3 Software Watchdog Cross-platform soft WDT.
   4.4 Reverse Reversal algorithms for bytearrays.
   4.5 Timed function Time execution with a decorator.
   4.6 ESP8266 MQTT benchmark Test performance of MQTT with official library.
   4.7 Rotary incremental encoder Fast, simple, proven algorithm.
   4.8 Pseudo random number generators
   4.9 Verifying incrementing sequences Test communications drivers.
   4.10 Bitmaps Non-allocating ways to access bitmaps.
   4.11 Functors and singletons Useful decorators.
   4.12 Quaternions Scale, move and rotate 3D objects with minimal mathematics.
   4.13 A Pyboard power meter One of my own projects.
5. Module Index Supported code. Device drivers, GUI's, utilities.
   5.1 uasyncio Tutorial and drivers for asynchronous coding.
   5.2 Memory Device Drivers Drivers for nonvolatile memory devices.
   5.3 Inertial Measurement Units Gravity, gyro and magnetic sensors.
   5.4 Other hardware drivers
   5.5.Communications
   5.6 Displays Fonts, graphics, GUIs and display drivers
   5.7 Pyboard micropower
   5.8 Pyboard DSP Fourier transforms and filters.
   5.9 rshell Fork of rshell with text macros.
   5.10 Hard to categorise Other modules.

1. Installation guides

1.1 Installing MicroPython libraries

This is more involved since the advent of the pycopy fork of MicroPython. This doc describes the issues and provides a utility to simplify installation for users of official MicroPython firmware.

1.2 Fastbuild

Scripts for building MicroPython for various target hardware types and for updating your local source. Now detects and builds for Pyboard D. See docs

1.3 Installing PicoWeb

Paul Sokolovsk's PicoWeb requires his fork of MicroPython.

Some time ago I was asked what was involved to install it on official firmware. Changes were minor. However it should be stressed that while the version here works, it is not up to date. See the Easy installation guide.

PR's with updated versions of PicoWeb are welcome.

1.4 Buildcheck

Raise an exception if a firmware build is earlier than a given date.

1.5 Pyboard USB pitfall

By default the Pyboard's /flash/boot.py enables MSC (mass storage) mode. This makes the Pyboard look like a USB stick, making its filesystem visible to the PC. This helpful feature ignores a fundamental flaw which leads to filesystem corruption. This is because the USB standard requires mass storage devices to behave like disks with static content. By contrast a Pyboard can independently modify the "disk" contents causing chaos.

To fix this, edit /flash/boot.py so that the usb_mode line reads:

pyb.usb_mode('VCP')

On reboot the Pyboard will no longer appear as a mass storage device on the PC. Various tools are available to manage the device's storage via USB. I use rshell.

2. Hardware information and drivers

2.1 ESP32

Pinout diagram for the reference board with notes and warnings about reserved pins etc. See this doc.

2.2 SSD1306

A means of rendering multiple larger fonts to the SSD1306 OLED display. The Writer class which performs this has been substantially improved and may now be found as part of this repository.

2.3 Pyboard D

Assorted information not yet in the official docs or hard to find.

2.4 DS3231 precision RTC

This is a low cost precision battery backed real time clock (RTC) accurate to +-2 minutes/year. Two drivers are provided, one portable across platforms and one which is Pyboard specific.

The Pyboard-specific driver provides a facility to calibrate the Pyboard's RTC from the DS3231. Calibration to high precision may be achieved in five minutes.

The drivers are documented here.

Index

3. Essays

3.1 Resilient

A guide to writing reliable ESP8266 networking code. Probably applies to other WiFi connected MicroPython devices.

3.2 Serialisation

A discussion of the need for serialisation and of the relative characteristics of four libraries available to MicroPython. Includes a tutorial on a Protocol Buffer library.

3.3 Measurement of relative timing and phase of fast analog signals

This describes ways of using the Pyboard to perform precision measurements of analog signals of up to around 50KHz. It is documented here.

Index

4. Code samples

4.1 Pyboard mutex

A class providing mutual exclusion enabling hard interrupt handlers and the main program to access shared data in a manner which ensures data integrity.

4.2 Pyboard watchdog

Access the simpler of the Pyboard's watchdog timers.

4.3 Software watchdog

A software watchdog timer with a fixed or variable timeout. Supports temporary suspension and permanent cancellation. The latter can be useful when debugging code to prevent a machine reboot when the application fails, terminates or is interrupted with ctrl-c. See code and comments in the test script.

4.4 Reverse

Fast reverse a bytearray in Arm Thumb assembler: this reverses the byte order of the array so [1,2,3,4] becomes [4,3,2,1].

Also includes cross-platform Python code to bit-reverse (fast-ish) 8, 16 and 32 bit words.

4.5 Timed function

Time a function's execution using a decorator and implement timeouts using a closure.

Index

4.6 ESP8266 MQTT benchmark

This benchmark tests the performance of MQTT by periodically publishing while subscribed to the same topic. Measures the round-trip delay. Uses the official umqtt.simple library. Adapt to suit your server address and desired QOS (quality of service, 0 and 1 are supported). After 100 messages reports maximum and minimum delays.

This connect utility connects in station mode using saved connection details where possible.

4.7 Rotary Incremental Encoder

Classes for handling incremental rotary position encoders. Note Pyboard timers can do this in hardware. These samples cater for cases where that solution can't be used. The encoder_timed.py sample provides rate information by timing successive edges. In practice this is likely to need filtering to reduce jitter caused by imperfections in the encoder geometry.

There are other algorithms but this is the simplest and fastest I've encountered.

These were written for encoders producing TTL outputs. For switches, adapt the pull definition to provide a pull up or pull down as required.

The encoder_portable.py version should work on all MicroPython platforms. Tested on ESP8266. Note that interrupt latency on the ESP8266 limits performance. ESP32 has similar limitations.

4.8 Pseudo random number generators

On the Pyboard V1.1, true random numbers may be generated rapidly with pyb.rng() which uses a hardware random number generator on the microcontroller.

There are a few use-cases for pseudo random number generators. Some platforms lack a hardware generator (e.g. the Pyboard Lite) and some ports don't support uos.urandom. There is also a case for running a RNG in an interrupt service routine.

Pseudo random number generators provide repeatable sequences of numbers which can be an advantage, for example in testing. The RNG is seeded with an initial value. On each call to the function it will return a random number, but (given the same seed) the sequence of numbers following initialisation will always be the same.

See random.py for usage and timing documentation. The yasmarang generator is also included, along with my own cheap random. The latter constrains calculations to 30 bits, allowing its use in an ISR. It comes with no guarantees of random quality and the only statistical test is that the mean converges on the right value. None of these generators are suitable for cryptography.

4.9 Verifying incrementing sequences

When testing communications applications it is often necessary to check for missing, duplicated, or out-of-order messages. To do this, the transmitter test script ensures that messages include an incrementing message number. The receiver script verifies the sequence. The CheckMid class does this, also detecting transmitter reboots

Index

4.10 Bitmaps

A bitmap stored in a pre-allocated, fixed size bytearray may be viewed in two ways:

1. As a set of positive integers whose values are constrained within limits.
2. As a fixed size one dimensional array of booleans.

These views provide a Pythonic interface while retaining the non-allocating performance advantage relative to native sets and lists.

The file bitmap.py offers classes supporting these views.

The constraint 0 <= value <= max_value applies where max_value is a constructor arg. The max_value arg defines the size of the underlying bytearray. For example if max_value is 255, the bytearray will use 32 bytes. The constraint applies to member values of a set, and to index values of a boolean array. So the set will be capable of storing integers from 0 to 255, and the array will accept indices in the same range.

These classes are lightweight. For example the IntSet class does not include all the dunder (magic) methods required to match the native set class. These may readily be added as required.

4.11 Functors and singletons

Two simple class decorators for objects useful in hardware interfacing. Documented here.

Singletons denote classes for which only a single instance can ever occur. They can be useful for hardware interface classes. Their use avoids the need for a global instance: the sole instance may be retrieved efficiently from anywhere in the code.

A functor is a class which is accessed via function call syntax. There is only one instance, like a singleton. Initial access calls the constructor, with subsequent accesses being via __call__. As an object it can retain state. As an example, a functor might have a continuously running task: successive calls modify the behaviour of the task.

4.12 Quaternions

Quaternions have a reputation for being mathematically difficult. Surely true if you intend using them to write Maxwell's equations (as per Maxwell). If your ambitions are limited to manipulating three dimensional objects or processing IMU data they can be remarkably simple.

The Quaternion class lets you create, move, transform and rotate 3D objects. They assume no maths beyond familiarity with an xyz coordinate system. Includes a demo where a wireframe cube rotates in response to movements of a BNo055 IMU, plus a demo of moving wireframe graphics. Neither demo uses trig functions. See the docs.

4.13 A pyboard power meter

This uses a Pyboard to measure the power consumption of mains powered devices. Unlike simple commercial devices it performs a true vector (phasor) measurement enabling it to provide information on power factor and to work with devices which generate as well as consume power. It uses the official LCD160CR display as a touch GUI interface. It is documented here.

Index

5. Module index

This index references applications and device drivers that I have developed, in some cases as collaborations. This is acknowledged in their respective docs.

Unlike the code samples these are fully documented and supported.

5.1 uasyncio

Tutorial
Drivers Asynchronous device drivers for switches, pushbuttons and ADC's. Also has information on interfacing interrupts to uasyncio.
Schedule Schedule events at specified times and dates.
HTU21D Asynchronous driver for this temperature and humidity sensor.
I2C Slave Uses the Pyboard's I2C slave mode to implement a full duplex asynchronous link. Principal use case is for ESP8266 which has only one UART.
GPS See section 5.4.

5.2 Memory device drivers

EEPROM Support for EEPROM, FRAM and Flash chips and modules. In all cases devices or sets of devices can be configured as a single memory array supporting access either as an array of bytes or as a filesystem.

5.3 Inertial Measurement Units

BNo055 In my view the best IMU as it performs internal sensor fusion.
MPU9x50 Driver for the popular InvenSense MPU9250, MPU9150, MPU6050 devices.
BMP180 Driver for the Bosch BMP180 pressure/temperature sensor.
Fusion Sensor fusion: combine IMU readings to produce heading, pitch and roll or Quaternion data.
Quaternions The proper way to deal with 3D rotations. Amazingly requires less maths than Euler angles.

5.4 Other hardware drivers

Asynchronous GPS driver
Thermal IR Support for the Adafruit 3538 thermal camera. Includes optional bicubic interpolation.
Audio High quality audio I/O with the Adafruit VS1053 board. Synchronous and asynchronous options.
IR remotes Support for various infra red protocols in receiver or transmitter ('blaster') applications.
433MHz remote Supports 433MHz remote controlled wall sockets. Captures the signal enabling replay so that mains devices may safely be controlled at low cost.
BME280 A bugfix fork of an abandoned project. Supports the BME280 combined temperature, pressure and humidity sensor on ESP8266.

5.5 Communications

Asynchronous MQTT This improves on official MQTT drivers by recovering from WiFi outages and offering asynchronous operation.
IOT An IOT solution. Provides a socket-like interface between WiFi clients and a server with wired ethernet. The interface is resilient in the presence of WiFi outages. The server (e.g. Raspberry Pi) does any internet work, improving security.
Radio Simplify use of the officially supported NRF24l01 radio.

5.6 Displays

Fonts, graphics, GUIs and display drivers.

All GUIs except e-paper are based on uasyncio. Where touch is supported a callback-based interface is used.

font-to-py Converts industry standard font files to Python source which may be frozen as bytecode. Files use minimal RAM when frozen.
writer A simple way to render text to displays where the driver is subclassed from framebuf.
nano-gui Simple GUI for displays where the driver is subclassed from framebuf. Repo includes display drivers for various displays including TFT, OLED, ePaper and Sharp.
LCD160CR Touch GUI for the official display module.
TFT-GUI A fast touch GUI for large displays based on SSD1963 controller with XPT2046 touch controller.
RA8875-GUI Touch GUI for large displays based on the RA8875 controller (e.g. from Adafruit).
e-paper GUI for the Embedded Artists 2.7 inch e-paper display. Pyboard only. Sadly these displays are now obsolete.

5.7 Pyboard micropower

micropower Support for low power applications on Pyboard 1.x and Pyboard D.

5.8 Pyboard DSP

fourier DFT using Arm Thumb assembler. Primarily for processing data received on an ADC.
Filters FIR filters using ARM Thumb assembler. Using an online utility you can go from a graph of required frequency response to a filter implementation.

5.9 rshell

rshell is a fork of Dave Hylands' excellent utility. My fork adds text macros to improve its power and usability, notably when maintaining complex Python packages. The fork includes documentation, but these notes provide a usage example where each project has its own set of automatically loaded macros.__

5.10 Hard to categorise

data to py Convert arbitrary objects to Python files which may be frozen as bytecode. Can be used to freeze images for display.

Index

License

Any code placed here is released under the MIT License (MIT).
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2016 Peter Hinch
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.