deepmap / Oapi Codegen

OpenAPI Client and Server Code Generator

This package contains a set of utilities for generating Go boilerplate code for services based on OpenAPI 3.0 API definitions. When working with services, it's important to have an API contract which servers and clients both implement to minimize the chances of incompatibilities. It's tedious to generate Go models which precisely correspond to OpenAPI specifications, so let our code generator do that work for you, so that you can focus on implementing the business logic for your service.

We have chosen to use Echo as our default HTTP routing engine, due to its speed and simplicity for the generated stubs, and Chi is also supported as an alternative.

This package tries to be too simple rather than too generic, so we've made some design decisions in favor of simplicity, knowing that we can't generate strongly typed Go code for all possible OpenAPI Schemas.

Overview

We're going to use the OpenAPI example of the Expanded Petstore in the descriptions below, please have a look at it.

In order to create a Go server to serve this exact schema, you would have to write a lot of boilerplate code to perform all the marshalling and unmarshalling into objects which match the OpenAPI 3.0 definition. The code generator in this directory does a lot of that for you. You would run it like so:

go get github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen/cmd/oapi-codegen
oapi-codegen petstore-expanded.yaml  > petstore.gen.go

Let's go through that petstore.gen.go file to show you everything which was generated.

Generated Server Boilerplate

The /components/schemas section in OpenAPI defines reusable objects, so Go types are generated for these. The Pet Store example defines Error, Pet, Pets and NewPet, so we do the same in Go:

// Type definition for component schema "Error"
type Error struct {
    Code    int32  `json:"code"`
    Message string `json:"message"`
}

// Type definition for component schema "NewPet"
type NewPet struct {
    Name string  `json:"name"`
    Tag  *string `json:"tag,omitempty"`
}

// Type definition for component schema "Pet"
type Pet struct {
    // Embedded struct due to allOf(#/components/schemas/NewPet)
    NewPet
    // Embedded fields due to inline allOf schema
    Id int64 `json:"id"`
}

// Type definition for component schema "Pets"
type Pets []Pet

It's best to define objects under /components field in the schema, since those will be turned into named Go types. If you use inline types in your handler definitions, we will generate inline, anonymous Go types, but those are more tedious to deal with since you will have to redeclare them at every point of use.

For each element in the paths map in OpenAPI, we will generate a Go handler function in an interface object. Here is the generated Go interface for our Echo server.

type ServerInterface interface {
    //  (GET /pets)
    FindPets(ctx echo.Context, params FindPetsParams) error
    //  (POST /pets)
    AddPet(ctx echo.Context) error
    //  (DELETE /pets/{id})
    DeletePet(ctx echo.Context, id int64) error
    //  (GET /pets/{id})
    FindPetById(ctx echo.Context, id int64) error
}

These are the functions which you will implement yourself in order to create a server conforming to the API specification. Normally, all the arguments and parameters are stored on the echo.Context in handlers, so we do the tedious work of of unmarshaling the JSON automatically, simply passing values into your handlers.

Notice that FindPetById takes a parameter id int64. All path arguments will be passed as arguments to your function, since they are mandatory.

Remaining arguments can be passed in headers, query arguments or cookies. Those will be written to a params object. Look at the FindPets function above, it takes as input FindPetsParams, which is defined as follows:

// Parameters object for FindPets
type FindPetsParams struct {
   Tags  *[]string `json:"tags,omitempty"`
   Limit *int32   `json:"limit,omitempty"`
}

The HTTP query parameter limit turns into a Go field named Limit. It is passed by pointer, since it is an optional parameter. If the parameter is specified, the pointer will be non-nil, and you can read its value.

If you changed the OpenAPI specification to make the parameter required, the FindPetsParams structure will contain the type by value:

type FindPetsParams struct {
    Tags  *[]string `json:"tags,omitempty"`
    Limit int32     `json:"limit"`
}

Registering handlers

There are a few ways of registering your http handler based on the type of server generated i.e. -generate server or -generate chi-server

func RegisterHandlers(router codegen.EchoRouter, si ServerInterface) {
    wrapper := ServerInterfaceWrapper{
        Handler: si,
    }
    router.GET("/pets", wrapper.FindPets)
    router.POST("/pets", wrapper.AddPet)
    router.DELETE("/pets/:id", wrapper.DeletePet)
    router.GET("/pets/:id", wrapper.FindPetById)
}

func SetupHandler() {
    var myApi PetStoreImpl  // This implements the pet store interface
    e := echo.New()
    petstore.RegisterHandlers(e, &myApi)
    ...
}

type PetStoreImpl struct {}
func (*PetStoreImpl) GetPets(r *http.Request, w *http.ResponseWriter) {
    // Implement me
}

func SetupHandler() {
    var myApi PetStoreImpl

    r := chi.Router()
    r.Mount("/", Handler(&myApi))
}

type PetStoreImpl struct {}
func (*PetStoreImpl) GetPets(r *http.Request, w *http.ResponseWriter) {
    // Implement me
}

func SetupHandler() {
    var myApi PetStoreImpl

    http.Handle("/", Handler(&myApi))
}

Additional Properties in type definitions

OpenAPI Schemas implicitly accept additionalProperties, meaning that any fields provided, but not explicitly defined via properties on the schema are accepted as input, and propagated. When unspecified, the additionalProperties field is assumed to be true.

Additional properties are tricky to support in Go with typing, and require lots of boilerplate code, so in this library, we assume that additionalProperties defaults to false and we don't generate this boilerplate. If you would like an object to accept additionalProperties, specify a schema for additionalProperties.

Say we declared NewPet above like so:

    NewPet:
      required:
        - name
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
        tag:
          type: string
      additionalProperties:
        type: string

The Go code for NewPet would now look like this:

// NewPet defines model for NewPet.
type NewPet struct {
	Name                 string            `json:"name"`
	Tag                  *string           `json:"tag,omitempty"`
	AdditionalProperties map[string]string `json:"-"`
}

The additionalProperties, of type string become map[string]string, which maps field names to instances of the additionalProperties schema.

// Getter for additional properties for NewPet. Returns the specified
// element and whether it was found
func (a NewPet) Get(fieldName string) (value string, found bool) {...}

// Setter for additional properties for NewPet
func (a *NewPet) Set(fieldName string, value string) {...}

// Override default JSON handling for NewPet to handle additionalProperties
func (a *NewPet) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {...}

// Override default JSON handling for NewPet to handle additionalProperties
func (a NewPet) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {...}w

There are many special cases for additionalProperties, such as having to define types for inner fields which themselves support additionalProperties, and all of them are tested via the internal/test/components schemas and tests. Please look through those tests for more usage examples.

Generated Client Boilerplate

Once your server is up and running, you probably want to make requests to it. If you're going to do those requests from your Go code, we also generate a client which is conformant with your schema to help in marshaling objects to JSON. It uses the same types and similar function signatures to your request handlers.

The interface for the pet store looks like this:

// The interface specification for the client above.
type ClientInterface interface {

	// FindPets request
	FindPets(ctx context.Context, params *FindPetsParams, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)

	// AddPet request with JSON body
	AddPet(ctx context.Context, body NewPet, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)

	// DeletePet request
	DeletePet(ctx context.Context, id int64, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)

	// FindPetById request
	FindPetById(ctx context.Context, id int64, reqEditors ...RequestEditorFn) (*http.Response, error)
}

A Client object which implements the above interface is also generated:

// Client which conforms to the OpenAPI3 specification for this service.
type Client struct {
    // The endpoint of the server conforming to this interface, with scheme,
    // https://api.deepmap.com for example.
    Server string

    // HTTP client with any customized settings, such as certificate chains.
    Client http.Client

    // A callback for modifying requests which are generated before sending over
    // the network.
    RequestEditors []func(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) error
}

Each operation in your OpenAPI spec will result in a client function which takes the same arguments. It's difficult to handle any arbitrary body that Swagger supports, so we've done some special casing for bodies, and you may get more than one function for an operation with a request body.

1. If you have more than one request body type, meaning more than one media type, you will have a generic handler of this form:

    AddPet(ctx context.Context, contentType string, body io.Reader)
   

2. If you have only a JSON request body, you will get:

    AddPet(ctx context.Context, body NewPet)
   

3. If you have multiple request body types, which include a JSON type you will get two functions. We've chosen to give the JSON version a shorter name, as we work with JSON and don't want to wear out our keyboards.

    AddPet(ctx context.Context, body NewPet)
    AddPetWithBody(ctx context.Context, contentType string, body io.Reader)
   

The Client object above is fairly flexible, since you can pass in your own http.Client and a request editing callback. You can use that callback to add headers. In our middleware stack, we annotate the context with additional information such as the request ID and function tracing information, and we use the callback to propagate that information into the request headers. Still, we can't foresee all possible usages, so those functions call through to helper functions which create requests. In the case of the pet store, we have:

// Request generator for FindPets
func NewFindPetsRequest(server string, params *FindPetsParams) (*http.Request, error) {...}

// Request generator for AddPet with JSON body
func NewAddPetRequest(server string, body NewPet) (*http.Request, error) {...}

// Request generator for AddPet with non-JSON body
func NewAddPetRequestWithBody(server string, contentType string, body io.Reader) (*http.Request, error) {...}

// Request generator for DeletePet
func NewDeletePetRequest(server string, id int64) (*http.Request, error) {...}

// Request generator for FindPetById
func NewFindPetByIdRequest(server string, id int64) (*http.Request, error) {...}

You can call these functions to build an http.Request from Go objects, which will correspond to your request schema. They map one-to-one to the functions on the client, except that we always generate the generic non-JSON body handler.

There are some caveats to using this code.

• exploded, form style query arguments, which are the default argument format in OpenAPI 3.0 are undecidable. Say that I have two objects, one composed of the fields (name=bob, id=5) and another which has (name=shoe, color=brown). The first parameter is named person and the second is named item. The default marshaling style for query args would result in /path/?name=bob,id=5&name=shoe,color=brown. In order to tell what belongs to which object, we'd have to look at all the parameters and try to deduce it, but we're lazy, so we didn't. Don't use exploded form style arguments if you're passing around objects which have similar field names. If you used unexploded form parameters, you'd have /path/?person=name,bob,id,5&item=name,shoe,color,brown, which an be parsed unambiguously.

• Parameters can be defined via schema or via content. Use the content form for anything other than trivial objects, they can marshal to arbitrary JSON structures. When you send them as cookie (in: cookie) arguments, we will URL encode them, since JSON delimiters aren't allowed in cookies.

Using SecurityProviders

If you generate client-code, you can use some default-provided security providers which help you to use the various OpenAPI 3 Authentication mechanism.

    import (
        "github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen/pkg/securityprovider"
    )

    func CreateSampleProviders() error {
        // Example BasicAuth
        // See: https://swagger.io/docs/specification/authentication/basic-authentication/
        basicAuthProvider, basicAuthProviderErr := securityprovider.NewSecurityProviderBasicAuth("MY_USER", "MY_PASS")
        if basicAuthProviderErr != nil {
            panic(basicAuthProviderErr)
        }

        // Example BearerToken
        // See: https://swagger.io/docs/specification/authentication/bearer-authentication/
        bearerTokenProvider, bearerTokenProviderErr := securityprovider.NewSecurityProviderBearerToken("MY_TOKEN")
        if bearerTokenProviderErr != nil {
            panic(bearerTokenProviderErr)
        }

        // Example ApiKey provider
        // See: https://swagger.io/docs/specification/authentication/api-keys/
        apiKeyProvider, apiKeyProviderErr := securityprovider.NewSecurityProviderApiKey("query", "myApiKeyParam", "MY_API_KEY")
        if apiKeyProviderErr != nil {
            panic(apiKeyProviderErr)
        }

        // Example providing your own provider using an anonymous function wrapping in the
        // InterceptoFn adapter. The behaviour between the InterceptorFn and the Interceptor interface
        // are the same as http.HandlerFunc and http.Handler.
        customProvider := func(req *http.Request, ctx context.Context) error {
            // Just log the request header, nothing else.
            log.Println(req.Header)
            return nil
        }

        // Exhaustive list of some defaults you can use to initialize a Client.
        // If you need to override the underlying httpClient, you can use the option
        //
        // WithHTTPClient(httpClient *http.Client)
        //
        client, clientErr := NewClient("https://api.deepmap.com", []ClientOption{
            WithBaseURL("https://api.deepmap.com"),
            WithRequestEditorFn(apiKeyProvider.Edit),
        }...,
        )

        return nil
    }

Extensions

oapi-codegen supports the following extended properties:

• x-go-type: specifies Go type name. It allows you to specify the type name for a schema, and will override any default value. This extended property isn't supported in all parts of OpenAPI, so please refer to the spec as to where it's allowed. Swagger validation tools will flag incorrect usage of this property.

Using oapi-codegen

The default options for oapi-codegen will generate everything; client, server, type definitions and embedded swagger spec, but you can generate subsets of those via the -generate flag. It defaults to types,client,server,spec, but you can specify any combination of those.

• types: generate all type definitions for all types in the OpenAPI spec. This will be everything under #components, as well as request parameter, request body, and response type objects.
• server: generate the Echo server boilerplate. server requires the types in the same package to compile.
• chi-server: generate the Chi server boilerplate. This code is dependent on that produced by the types target.
• client: generate the client boilerplate. It, too, requires the types to be present in its package.
• spec: embed the OpenAPI spec into the generated code as a gzipped blob. This
• skip-fmt: skip running goimports on the generated code. This is useful for debugging the generated file in case the spec contains weird strings.
• skip-prune: skip pruning unused components from the spec prior to generating the code.
• import-mapping: specifies a map of references external OpenAPI specs to go Go include paths. Please see below.

So, for example, if you would like to produce only the server code, you could run oapi-generate -generate types,server. You could generate types and server into separate files, but both are required for the server code.

oapi-codegen can filter paths base on their tags in the openapi definition. Use either -include-tags or -exclude-tags followed by a comma-separated list of tags. For instance, to generate a server that serves all paths except those tagged with auth or admin, use the argument, -exclude-tags="auth,admin". To generate a server that only handles admin paths, use the argument -include-tags="admin". When neither of these arguments is present, all paths are generated.

oapi-codegen can filter schemas based on the option --exclude-schemas, which is a comma separated list of schema names. For instance, --exclude-schemas=Pet,NewPet will exclude from generation schemas Pet and NewPet. This allow to have a in the same package a manually defined structure or interface and refer to it in the openapi spec.

Since go generate commands must be a single line, all the options above can make them pretty unwieldy, so you can specify all of the options in a configuration file via the --config option. Please see the test under /internal/test/externalref/ for an example. The structure of the file is as follows:

output:
  externalref.gen.go
package: externalref
generate:
  - types
  - skip-prune
import-mapping:
  ./packageA/spec.yaml: github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen/internal/test/externalref/packageA
  ./packageB/spec.yaml: github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen/internal/test/externalref/packageB

Have a look at cmd/oapi-codegen/oapi-codegen.go to see all the fields on the configuration structure.

Import Mappings

OpenAPI specifications may contain references to other OpenAPI specifications, and we need some additional information in order to be able to generate correct Go code.

An external reference looks like this:

$ref: ./some_spec.yaml#/components/schemas/Type

We assume that you have already generated the boilerplate code for ./some_spec.yaml using oapi-codegen, and you have a package which contains the generated code, let's call it github.com/deepmap/some-package. You need to tell oapi-codegen that some_spec.yaml corresponds to this package, and you would do it by specifying this command line argument:

-import-mapping=./some_spec.yaml:github.com/deepmap/some-package

This tells us that in order to resolve references generated from some_spec.yaml we need to import github.com/deepmap/some-package. You may specify multiple mappings by comma separating them in the form key1:value1,key2:value2.

What's missing or incomplete

This code is still young, and not complete, since we're filling it in as we need it. We've not yet implemented several things:

• oneOf, anyOf are not supported with strong Go typing. This schema:

    schema:
      oneOf:
        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/Cat'
        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/Dog'
  

  will result in a Go type of interface{}. It will be up to you to validate whether it conforms to Cat and/or Dog, depending on the keyword. It's not clear if we can do anything much better here given the limits of Go typing.

  allOf is supported, by taking the union of all the fields in all the component schemas. This is the most useful of these operations, and is commonly used to merge objects with an identifier, as in the petstore-expanded example.

• patternProperties isn't yet supported and will exit with an error. Pattern properties were defined in JSONSchema, and the kin-openapi Swagger object knows how to parse them, but they're not part of OpenAPI 3.0, so we've left them out, as support is very complicated.

Making changes to code generation

The code generator uses a tool to inline all the template definitions into code, so that we don't have to deal with the location of the template files. When you update any of the files under the templates/ directory, you will need to regenerate the template inlines:

go generate ./pkg/codegen/templates

All this command does is inline the files ending in .tmpl into the specified Go file.

Afterwards you should run go generate ./..., and the templates will be updated accordingly.

Alternatively, you can provide custom templates to override built-in ones using the -templates flag specifying a path to a directory containing templates files. These files must be named identically to built-in template files (see pkg/codegen/templates/*.tmpl in the source code), and will be interpreted on-the-fly at run time. Example:

$ ls -1 my-templates/
client.tmpl
typedef.tmpl
$ oapi-codegen \
    -templates my-templates/ \
    -generate types,client \
    petstore-expanded.yaml