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songcser / Sanic Ms

基于sanic的微服务基础架构

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Sanic Micro Service

基于sanic的微服务基础架构

Introduce

使用python做web开发面临的一个最大的问题就是性能,在解决C10K问题上显的有点吃力。有些异步框架Tornado、Twisted、Gevent 等就是为了解决性能问题。这些框架在性能上有些提升,但是也出现了各种古怪的问题难以解决。

在python3.6中,官方的异步协程库asyncio正式成为标准。在保留便捷性的同时对性能有了很大的提升,已经出现许多的异步框架使用asyncio。

使用较早的异步框架是aiohttp,它提供了server端和client端,对asyncio做了很好的封装。但是开发方式和最流行的微框架flask不同,flask开发简单,轻量,高效。将两者结合起来就有了sanic。

Sanic框架是和Flask相似异步协程框架,简单轻量,并且性能很高。本项目就是以sanic为基础搭建的微服务框架。微服务最近很火,它解决了复杂性问题,提高开发效率,便于部署等优点。

正是结合这些优点, 以sanic为基础,集成多个流行的库搭建微服务框架。

Feature

  • 使用sanic异步框架,简单,轻量,高效。
  • 使用uvloop为核心引擎,使sanic在很多情况下单机并发甚至不亚于Golang。
  • 使用asyncpg为数据库驱动,进行数据库连接,执行sql语句执行。
  • 使用aiohttp为Client,对其他微服务进行访问。
  • 使用peewee为ORM,但是只是用来做模型设计和migration。
  • 使用opentracing为分布式追踪系统。
  • 使用unittest做单元测试,并且使用mock来避免访问其他微服务。
  • 使用swagger做API标准,能自动生成API文档。

Usage

Example

Swagger API

image

Zipkin Server

image image

Config

设置配置文件和Django相似,通过设置环境变量值SANIC_CONFIG_MODULE

export SANIC_CONFIG_MODULE='mysite.configs'

Server

使用sanic异步框架,有较高的性能,但是使用不当会造成blocking, 对于有IO请求的都要选用异步库。添加库要慎重。 sanic使用uvloop异步驱动,uvloop基于libuv使用Cython编写,性能比nodejs还要高。

功能说明:

Before Server Start

  • 创建DB连接池
  • 创建Client连接
  • 创建queue, 用于日志追踪
  • 创建opentracing.tracer进行日志追踪

Middleware

  • 处理跨域请求
  • 创建span, 用于日志追踪
  • 对response进行封装,统一格式

Error Handler

对抛出的异常进行处理,返回统一格式

Task

创建task消费queue中对span,用于日志追踪

Asynchronous Handler

由于使用的是异步框架,可以将一些IO请求并行处理

Example:

async def async_request(datas):
    # async handler request
    results = await asyncio.gather(*[data[2] for data in datas])
    for index, obj in enumerate(results):
        data = datas[index]
        data[0][data[1]] = results[index]

@user_bp.get('/<id:int>')
@doc.summary("get user info")
@doc.description("get user info by id")
@doc.produces(Users)
async def get_users_list(request, id):
    async with request.app.db.acquire(request) as cur:
        record = await cur.fetch(
            """ SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1 """, id)
        datas = [
            [record, 'city_id', get_city_by_id(request, record['city_id'])]
            [record, 'role_id', get_role_by_id(request, record['role_id'])]
        ]
        await async_request(datas)
        return record

get_city_by_id, get_role_by_id是并行处理。

相关连接

sanic

Model & Migration

Peewee is a simple and small ORM. It has few (but expressive) concepts, making it easy to learn and intuitive to use。

ORM使用peewee, 只是用来做模型设计和migration, 数据操作使用asyncpg。

Example:

# models.py

class Users(Model):
    id = PrimaryKeyField()
    create_time = DateTimeField(verbose_name='create time',
                                default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
    name = CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name="user's name")
    age = IntegerField(null=False, verbose_name="user's age")
    sex = CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="user's sex")
    city_id = IntegerField(verbose_name='city for user', help_text=CityApi)
    role_id = IntegerField(verbose_name='role for user', help_text=RoleApi)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'users'


# migrations.py

from sanicms.migrations import MigrationModel, info, db

class UserMigration(MigrationModel):
    _model = Users

    # @info(version="v1")
    # def migrate_v1(self):
    #     migrate(self.add_column('sex'))

def migrations():
    try:
        um = UserMigration()
        with db.transaction():
            um.auto_migrate()
            print("Success Migration")
    except Exception as e:
        raise e

if __name__ == '__main__':
    migrations()
  • 运行命令 python migrations.py
  • migrate_v1函数添加字段sex, 在BaseModel中要先添加name字段
  • info装饰器会创建表migrate_record来记录migrate,version每个model中必须唯一,使用version来记录是否执行过,还可以记录author,datetime
  • migrate函数必须以**migrate_**开头

相关连接

peewee

DB

asyncpg is the fastest driver among common Python, NodeJS and Go implementations

使用asyncpg为数据库驱动, 对数据库连接进行封装, 执行数据库操作。

不使用ORM做数据库操作,一个原因是性能,ORM会有性能的损耗,并且无法使用asyncpg高性能库。另一个是单个微服务是很简单的,表结构不会很复杂,简单的SQL语句就可以处理来,没必要引入ORM。

Example:

sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name=$1"
name = "test"
async with request.app.db.acquire(request) as cur:
    data = await cur.fetchrow(sql, name)

async with request.app.db.transaction(request) as cur:
    data = await cur.fetchrow(sql, name)
  • acquire() 函数为非事务, 对于只涉及到查询的使用非事务,可以提高查询效率
  • tansaction() 函数为事务操作,对于增删改必须使用事务操作
  • 传入request参数是为了获取到span,用于日志追踪
  • TODO 数据库读写分离

相关连接

asyncpg benchmarks

Client

使用aiohttp中的client,对客户端进行了简单的封装,访问其他微服务。

Don’t create a session per request. Most likely you need a session per application which performs all requests altogether. A session contains a connection pool inside, connection reusage and keep-alives (both are on by default) may speed up total performance.

Example:

@app.listener('before_server_start')
async def before_srver_start(app, loop):
    app.client =  Client(loop, url='http://host:port')

async def get_role_by_id(request, id):
    cli = request.app.client.cli(request)
    async with cli.get('/cities/{}'.format(id)) as res:
        return await res.json()

@app.listener('before_server_stop')
async def before_server_stop(app, loop):
    app.client.close()

对于访问不同的微服务可以创建多个不同的client,这样每个client都会keep-alives

相关连接

aiohttp

LOG & Distributed Tracing System

使用官方logging, 配置文件为logging.yml, sanic版本要0.6.0及以上。JsonFormatter将日志转成json格式,用于输入到ES

Enter OpenTracing: by offering consistent, expressive, vendor-neutral APIs for popular platforms, OpenTracing makes it easy for developers to add (or switch) tracing implementations with an O(1) configuration change. OpenTracing also offers a lingua franca for OSS instrumentation and platform-specific tracing helper libraries. Please refer to the Semantic Specification.

装饰器logger

@logger(type='method', category='test', detail='detail', description="des", tracing=True, level=logging.INFO)
async def get_city_by_id(request, id):
    cli = request.app.client.cli(request)
  • type: 日志类型,如 method, route
  • category: 日志类别,默认为app的name
  • detail: 日志详细信息
  • description: 日志描述,默认为函数的注释
  • tracing: 日志追踪,默认为True
  • level: 日志级别,默认为INFO

分布式追踪系统

  • OpenTracing是以Dapper,Zipkin等分布式追踪系统为依据, 为分布式追踪建立了统一的标准。
  • Opentracing跟踪每一个请求,记录请求所经过的每一个微服务,以链条的方式串联起来,对分析微服务的性能瓶颈至关重要。
  • 使用opentracing框架,但是在输出时转换成zipkin格式。 因为大多数分布式追踪系统考虑到性能问题,都是使用的thrift进行通信的,本着简单,Restful风格的精神,没有使用RPC通信。以日志的方式输出, 可以使用fluentd, logstash等日志收集再输入到Zipkin。Zipkin是支持HTTP输入的。
  • 生成的span先无阻塞的放入queue中,在task中消费队列的span。后期可以添加上采样频率。
  • 对于DB,Client都加上了tracing

相关连接

opentracing zipkin jaeger

API

api文档使用swagger标准。

Example:

from sanicms import doc

@user_bp.post('/')
@doc.summary('create user')
@doc.description('create user info')
@doc.consumes(Users)
@doc.produces({'id': int})
async def create_user(request):
    data = request['data']
    async with request.app.db.transaction(request) as cur:
        record = await cur.fetchrow(
            """ INSERT INTO users(name, age, city_id, role_id)
                VALUES($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)
                RETURNING id
            """, data['name'], data['age'], data['city_id'], data['role_id']
        )
        return {'id': record['id']}
  • summary: api概要
  • description: 详细描述
  • consumes: request的body数据
  • produces: response的返回数据
  • tag: API标签
  • 在consumes和produces中传入的参数可以是peewee的model,会解析model生成API数据, 在field字段的help_text参数来表示引用对象
  • http://host:ip/openapi/spec.json 获取生成的json数据

相关连接

swagger

Response

在返回时,不要返回response,直接返回原始数据,会在Middleware中对返回的数据进行处理,返回统一的格式,具体的格式可以查看

Unittest

单元测试使用unittest

Example:

from sanicms.tests import APITestCase
from service.server import app

class TestCase(APITestCase):
    _app = app
    _blueprint = 'visit'

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestCase, self).setUp()
        self._mock.get('/cities/1',
                       payload={'id': 1, 'name': 'shanghai'})
        self._mock.get('/roles/1',
                       payload={'id': 1, 'name': 'shanghai'})

    def test_create_user(self):
        data = {
            'name': 'test',
            'age': 2,
            'city_id': 1,
            'role_id': 1,
        }
        res = self.client.create_user(data=data)
        body = ujson.loads(res.text)
        self.assertEqual(res.status, 200)
  • 其中_blueprint为blueprint名称
  • 在setUp函数中,使用_mock来注册mock信息, 这样就不会访问真实的服务器, payload为返回的body信息
  • 使用client变量调用各个函数, data为body信息,params为路径的参数信息,其他参数是route的参数

coverage

coverage erase
coverage run --source . -m sanicms tests
coverage xml -o reports/coverage.xml
coverage2clover -i reports/coverage.xml -o reports/clover.xml
coverage html -d reports
  • coverage2colver 是将coverage.xml 转换成 clover.xml,bamboo需要的格式是clover的。

相关连接

unittest coverage

Exception

使用 app.error_handler = CustomHander() 对抛出的异常进行处理

Example:

from sanicms.exception import ServerError

@visit_bp.delete('/users/<id:int>')
async def del_user(request, id):
    raise ServerError(error='内部错误',code='10500', message="msg")
  • code: 错误码,无异常时为0,其余值都为异常
  • message: 状态码信息
  • error: 自定义错误信息
  • status_code: http状态码,使用标准的http状态码
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