lldpd: implementation of IEEE 802.1ab (LLDP)

https://lldpd.github.io/

Features

LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) is an industry standard protocol designed to supplant proprietary Link-Layer protocols such as Extreme's EDP (Extreme Discovery Protocol) and CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol). The goal of LLDP is to provide an inter-vendor compatible mechanism to deliver Link-Layer notifications to adjacent network devices.

lldpd implements both reception and sending. It also implements an SNMP subagent for net-snmp to get local and remote LLDP information. The LLDP-MIB is partially implemented but the most useful tables are here. lldpd also partially implements LLDP-MED.

lldpd supports bridge, vlan and bonding.

The following OS are supported:

• FreeBSD
• GNU/Linux
• macOS
• NetBSD
• OpenBSD
• Solaris

Windows is not supported but you can use WinLLDPService as a transmit-only agent.

Installation

For general instructions prefer the website, including building from released tarballs.

To compile lldpd from Git, use the following commands:

./autogen.sh
./configure
make
sudo make install

lldpd uses privilege separation to increase its security. Two processes, one running as root and doing minimal stuff and the other running as an unprivileged user into a chroot doing most of the stuff, are cooperating. You need to create a user called _lldpd in a group _lldpd (this can be change with ./configure). You also need to create an empty directory /usr/local/var/run/lldpd (it needs to be owned by root, not _lldpd!). If you get fuzzy timestamps from syslog, copy /etc/locatime into the chroot.

lldpcli lets one query information collected through the command line. If you don't want to run it as root, just install it setuid or setgid _lldpd.

Installation (macOS)

The same procedure as above applies for macOS. However, there are simpler alternatives:

1. Use Homebrew:

   brew install lldpd
   # Or, for the latest version:
   brew install https://raw.github.com/lldpd/lldpd/master/osx/lldpd.rb
   

2. Build an macOS installer package which should work on the same version of macOS:

   mkdir build && cd build
   ../configure --prefix=/usr/local --localstatedir=/var --sysconfdir=/private/etc --with-embedded-libevent \
       --without-snmp
   make -C osx pkg
   

   If you want to compile for an older version of macOS, you need to find the right SDK and issues commands like those:

   SDK=/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.6.sdk
   mkdir build && cd build
   ../configure --prefix=/usr/local --localstatedir=/var --sysconfdir=/private/etc --with-embedded-libevent \
      --without-snmp \
      CFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.6 -isysroot $SDK" \
      LDFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.6 -isysroot $SDK"
   make -C osx pkg
   

   With recent SDK, you don't need to specify an alternate SDK. They are organized in a way that should enable compatibility with older versions of OSX:

   mkdir build && cd build
   ../configure --prefix=/usr/local --localstatedir=/var --sysconfdir=/private/etc --with-embedded-libevent \
      --without-snmp \
      CFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.9" \
      LDFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.9"
   make -C osx pkg
   

   You can check with otool -l that you got what you expected in term of supported versions.

If you don't follow the above procedures, you will have to create the user/group _lldpd. Have a look at how this is done in osx/scripts/postinstall.

Installation (Android)

You need to download Android NDK (version 22 or later). Once unpacked, go inside the unpacked directory and select a toolchain, a target, and an API level:

export TOOLCHAIN=$PWD/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64
export TARGET=aarch64-linux-android
export API=24

You need to export a bunch of variables:

export AR=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-ar
export CC=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/$TARGET$API-clang
export CXX=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/$TARGET$API-clang++
export LD=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/ld
export RANLIB=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-ranlib
export STRIP=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-strip
export AS=$CC

Then, you can build lldpd with the following commands:

mkdir build && cd build
../configure \
    --host=$TARGET \
    --with-sysroot=$TOOLCHAIN/sysroot \
    --prefix=/system \
    --sbindir=/system/bin \
    --runstatedir=/data/data/lldpd \
    --with-privsep-user=root \
    --with-privsep-group=root \
    PKG_CONFIG=/bin/false
make
make install DESTDIR=$PWD/install

Then, copy install/system/bin/* to /system/bin on the target system and install/system/lib/*.so* to /system/lib64 on the target system. You may need to create /data/data/lldpd as well.

Usage

lldpd also implements CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), FDP (Foundry Discovery Protocol), SONMP (Nortel Discovery Protocol) and EDP (Extreme Discovery Protocol). However, recent versions of IOS should support LLDP and most Extreme stuff support LLDP. When a EDP, CDP or SONMP frame is received on a given interface, lldpd starts sending EDP, CDP, FDP or SONMP frame on this interface. Informations collected through EDP/CDP/FDP/SONMP are integrated with other informations and can be queried with lldpcli or through SNMP.

More information:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol
• http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1AB-2005.pdf
• http://wiki.wireshark.org/LinkLayerDiscoveryProtocol

Compatibility with older kernels

If you have a kernel older than Linux 2.6.39, you need to compile lldpd with --enable-oldies to enable some compatibility functions: otherwise, lldpd will only rely on Netlink to receive bridge, bond and VLAN information.

For bonding, you need 2.6.24 (in previous version, PACKET_ORIGDEV affected only non multicast packets). See:

• http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commitdiff;h=80feaacb8a6400a9540a961b6743c69a5896b937
• http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commitdiff;h=8032b46489e50ef8f3992159abd0349b5b8e476c

Otherwise, a packet received on a bond will be affected to all interfaces of the bond. In this case, lldpd will affect a received randomly to one of the interface (so a neighbor may be affected to the wrong interface).

On 2.6.27, we are able to receive packets on real interface for enslaved devices. This allows one to get neighbor information on active/backup bonds. Without the 2.6.27, lldpd won't receive any information on inactive slaves. Here are the patchs (thanks to Joe Eykholt):

• http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=0d7a3681232f545c6a59f77e60f7667673ef0e93
• http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=cc9bd5cebc0825e0fabc0186ab85806a0891104f
• http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=f982307f22db96201e41540295f24e8dcc10c78f

On FreeBSD, only a recent 9 kernel (9.1 or more recent) will allow to send LLDP frames on enslaved devices. See this bug report for more information:

• http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=138620

Some devices (notably Cisco IOS) send frames tagged with the native VLAN while they should send them untagged. If your network card does not support accelerated VLAN, you will receive those frames as long as the corresponding interface exists (see below). However, if your network card handles VLAN encapsulation/decapsulation (check with ethtool -k), you need a recent kernel to be able to receive those frames without listening on all available VLAN. Starting from Linux 2.6.27, lldpd is able to capture VLAN frames when VLAN acceleration is supported by the network card. Here is the patch:

• http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=bc1d0411b804ad190cdadabac48a10067f17b9e6

On some other versions, frames are sent on VLAN 1. If this is not the native VLAN and if your network card support accelerated VLAN, you need to subscribe to this VLAN as well. The Linux kernel does not provide any interface for this. The easiest way is to create the VLAN for each port:

ip link add link eth0 name eth0.1 type vlan id 1
ip link set up dev eth0.1

You can check both cases using tcpdump:

tcpdump -epni eth0 ether host 01:80:c2:00:00:0e
tcpdump -eni eth0 ether host 01:80:c2:00:00:0e

If the first command does not display received LLDP packets but the second one does, LLDP packets are likely encapsulated into a VLAN:

10:54:06.431154 f0:29:29:1d:7c:01 > 01:80:c2:00:00:0e, ethertype 802.1Q (0x8100), length 363: vlan 1, p 7, ethertype LLDP, LLDP, name SW-APP-D07.VTY, length 345

In this case, just create VLAN 1 will fix the situation. There are other solutions:

1. Disable VLAN acceleration on the receive side (ethtool -K eth0 rxvlan off) but this may or may not work. Check if there are similar properties that could apply with ethtool -k eth0.
2. Put the interface in promiscuous mode with ip link set promisc on dev eth0.

The last solution can be done directly by lldpd (on Linux only) by using the option configure system interface promiscuous.

On modern networks, the performance impact should be nonexistent.

Development

During development, you may want to execute lldpd at its current location instead of doing make install. The correct way to do this is to issue the following command:

sudo libtool execute src/daemon/lldpd -L $PWD/src/client/lldpcli -d

You can append any further arguments. If lldpd is unable to find lldpcli it will start in an unconfigured mode and won't send or accept LLDP frames.

You can use afl to test some aspects of lldpd. To test frame decoding, you can do something like that:

export AFL_USE_ASAN=1 # only on 32bit arch
./configure CC=afl-gcc
make clean check
cd tests
mkdir inputs
mv *.pcap inputs
afl-fuzz -i inputs -o outputs ./decode @@

There is a general test suite with make check. It's also possible to run integration tests. They need py.test and rely on Linux containers to be executed.

To enable code coverage, use:

../configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc --localstatedir=/var \
             --enable-sanitizers --enable-gcov --with-snmp \
             CFLAGS="-O0 -g"
make
make check
# maybe, run integration tests
lcov --base-directory $PWD/src/lib \
     --directory src --capture --output-file gcov.info
genhtml gcov.info --output-directory coverage

Embedding

To embed lldpd into an existing system, there are two point of entries:

1. If your system does not use standard Linux interface, you can support additional interfaces by implementing the appropriate struct lldpd_ops. You can look at src/daemon/interfaces-linux.c for examples. Also, have a look at interfaces_update() which is responsible for discovering and registering interfaces.

2. lldpcli provides a convenient way to query lldpd. It also comes with various outputs, including XML which allows one to parse its output for integration and automation purpose. Another way is to use SNMP support. A third way is to write your own controller using liblldpctl.so. Its API is described in src/lib/lldpctl.h. The custom binary protocol between liblldpctl.so and lldpd is not stable. Therefore, the library should always be shipped with lldpd. On the other hand, programs using liblldpctl.so can rely on the classic ABI rules.

Troubleshooting

You can use tcpdump to look after the packets received and send by lldpd. To look after LLDPU, use:

tcpdump -s0 -vv -pni eth0 ether dst 01:80:c2:00:00:0e

Intel X710 cards may handle LLDP themselves, intercepting any incoming packets. If you don't see anything through tcpdump, check if you have such a card (with lspci) and stop the embedded LLDP daemon:

for f in /sys/kernel/debug/i40e/*/command; do
    echo lldp stop > $f
done

License

lldpd is distributed under the ISC license:

Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Also, lldpcli will be linked to GNU Readline (which is GPL licensed) if available. To avoid this, use --without-readline as a configure option.