Eclipse Paho™ MQTT Python Client

This document describes the source code for the Eclipse Paho <http://eclipse.org/paho/>_ MQTT Python client library, which implements versions 5.0, 3.1.1, and 3.1 of the MQTT protocol.

This code provides a client class which enable applications to connect to an MQTT <http://mqtt.org/>_ broker to publish messages, and to subscribe to topics and receive published messages. It also provides some helper functions to make publishing one off messages to an MQTT server very straightforward.

It supports Python 2.7.9+ or 3.5+.

The MQTT protocol is a machine-to-machine (M2M)/"Internet of Things" connectivity protocol. Designed as an extremely lightweight publish/subscribe messaging transport, it is useful for connections with remote locations where a small code footprint is required and/or network bandwidth is at a premium.

Paho is an Eclipse Foundation <https://www.eclipse.org/org/foundation/>_ project.

Contents

• Installation_
• Known limitations_
• Usage and API_
  • Client_
    • Constructor / reinitialise_
    • Option functions_
    • Connect / reconnect / disconnect_
    • Network loop_
    • Publishing_
    • Subscribe / Unsubscribe_
    • Callbacks_
    • External event loop support_
    • Global helper functions_
  • Publish_
    • Single_
    • Multiple_
  • Subscribe_
    • Simple_
    • Using Callback_
• Reporting bugs_
• More information_

Installation

The latest stable version is available in the Python Package Index (PyPi) and can be installed using

::

pip install paho-mqtt

Or with virtualenv:

::

virtualenv paho-mqtt
source paho-mqtt/bin/activate
pip install paho-mqtt

To obtain the full code, including examples and tests, you can clone the git repository:

::

git clone https://github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.python

Once you have the code, it can be installed from your repository as well:

::

cd paho.mqtt.python
python setup.py install

To perform all test (including MQTT v5 test), you also need to clone paho.mqtt.testing in paho.mqtt.python folder::

git clone https://github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.testing.git

Known limitations

The following are the known unimplemented MQTT feature.

When clean_session is False, the session is only stored in memory not persisted. This means that when client is restarted (not just reconnected, the object is recreated usually because the program was restarted) the session is lost. This result in possible message lost.

The following part of client session is lost:

• QoS 2 messages which have been received from the Server, but have not been completely acknowledged.

  Since the client will blindly acknowledge any PUBCOMP (last message of a QoS 2 transaction), it won't hang but will lost this QoS 2 message.

• QoS 1 and QoS 2 messages which have been sent to the Server, but have not been completely acknowledged.

  This means that message passed to publish() may be lost. This could be mitigated by taking care that all message passed to publish() has a corresponding on_publish() call.

  It also means that the broker may have the Qos2 message in the session. Since the client start with an empty session it don't know it and will re-use the mid. This is not yet fixed.

Also when clean_session is True, this library will republish QoS > 0 message accross network reconnection. This means that QoS > 0 message won't be lost. But the standard say that if we should discard any message for which the publish packet was sent. Our choice means that we are not compliant with the standard and it's possible for QoS 2 to be received twice. You should you clean_session = False if you need the QoS 2 guarantee of only one delivery.

Usage and API

Detailed API documentation is available through pydoc. Samples are available in the examples directory.

The package provides two modules, a full client and a helper for simple publishing.

Getting Started

Here is a very simple example that subscribes to the broker $SYS topic tree and prints out the resulting messages:

.. code:: python

import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt

# The callback for when the client receives a CONNACK response from the server.
def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
    print("Connected with result code "+str(rc))

    # Subscribing in on_connect() means that if we lose the connection and
    # reconnect then subscriptions will be renewed.
    client.subscribe("$SYS/#")

# The callback for when a PUBLISH message is received from the server.
def on_message(client, userdata, msg):
    print(msg.topic+" "+str(msg.payload))

client = mqtt.Client()
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.on_message = on_message

client.connect("mqtt.eclipse.org", 1883, 60)

# Blocking call that processes network traffic, dispatches callbacks and
# handles reconnecting.
# Other loop*() functions are available that give a threaded interface and a
# manual interface.
client.loop_forever()

Client

You can use the client class as an instance, within a class or by subclassing. The general usage flow is as follows:

• Create a client instance
• Connect to a broker using one of the connect*() functions
• Call one of the loop*() functions to maintain network traffic flow with the broker
• Use subscribe() to subscribe to a topic and receive messages
• Use publish() to publish messages to the broker
• Use disconnect() to disconnect from the broker

Callbacks will be called to allow the application to process events as necessary. These callbacks are described below.

Constructor / reinitialise

Client()
''''''''

.. code:: python

    Client(client_id="", clean_session=True, userdata=None, protocol=MQTTv311, transport="tcp")

The ``Client()`` constructor takes the following arguments:

client_id
    the unique client id string used when connecting to the broker. If
    ``client_id`` is zero length or ``None``, then one will be randomly
    generated. In this case the ``clean_session`` parameter must be ``True``.

clean_session
    a boolean that determines the client type. If ``True``, the broker will
    remove all information about this client when it disconnects. If ``False``,
    the client is a durable client and subscription information and queued
    messages will be retained when the client disconnects.

    Note that a client will never discard its own outgoing messages on
    disconnect. Calling connect() or reconnect() will cause the messages to be
    resent. Use reinitialise() to reset a client to its original state.

userdata
    user defined data of any type that is passed as the ``userdata`` parameter
    to callbacks. It may be updated at a later point with the
    ``user_data_set()`` function.

protocol
    the version of the MQTT protocol to use for this client. Can be either
    ``MQTTv31`` or ``MQTTv311``

transport
    set to "websockets" to send MQTT over WebSockets. Leave at the default of
    "tcp" to use raw TCP.


Constructor Example
...................

.. code:: python

    import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt

    mqttc = mqtt.Client()


reinitialise()
''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    reinitialise(client_id="", clean_session=True, userdata=None)

The ``reinitialise()`` function resets the client to its starting state as if it had just been created. It takes the same arguments as the ``Client()`` constructor.

Reinitialise Example
....................

.. code:: python

    mqttc.reinitialise()

Option functions
````````````````

These functions represent options that can be set on the client to modify its behaviour. In the majority of cases this must be done *before* connecting to a broker.

max_inflight_messages_set()
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    max_inflight_messages_set(self, inflight)

Set the maximum number of messages with QoS>0 that can be part way through their network flow at once.

Defaults to 20. Increasing this value will consume more memory but can increase throughput.

max_queued_messages_set()
'''''''''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    max_queued_messages_set(self, queue_size)

Set the maximum number of outgoing messages with QoS>0 that can be pending in the outgoing message queue.

Defaults to 0. 0 means unlimited. When the queue is full, any further outgoing messages would be dropped.

message_retry_set()
'''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    message_retry_set(retry)

Set the time in seconds before a message with QoS>0 is retried, if the broker does not respond.

This is set to 5 seconds by default and should not normally need changing.

ws_set_options()
''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    ws_set_options(self, path="/mqtt", headers=None)

Set websocket connection options. These options will only be used if ``transport="websockets"`` was passed into the ``Client()`` constructor.

path
    The mqtt path to use on the broker.

headers
    Either a dictionary specifying a list of extra headers which should be appended to the standard websocket headers, or a callable that takes the normal websocket headers and returns a new dictionary with a set of headers to connect to the broker.

Must be called before ``connect*()``. An example of how this can be used with the AWS IoT platform is in the **examples** folder.


tls_set()
'''''''''

.. code:: python

    tls_set(ca_certs=None, certfile=None, keyfile=None, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
        tls_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS, ciphers=None)

Configure network encryption and authentication options. Enables SSL/TLS support.

ca_certs
    a string path to the Certificate Authority certificate files that are to be treated as trusted by this client. If this is the only option given then the client will operate in a similar manner to a web browser. That is to say it will require the broker to have a certificate signed by the Certificate Authorities in ``ca_certs`` and will communicate using TLS v1, but will not attempt any form of authentication. This provides basic network encryption but may not be sufficient depending on how the broker is configured. By default, on Python 2.7.9+ or 3.4+, the default certification authority of the system is used. On older Python version this parameter is mandatory.

certfile, keyfile
    strings pointing to the PEM encoded client certificate and private keys respectively. If these arguments are not ``None`` then they will be used as client information for TLS based authentication. Support for this feature is broker dependent. Note that if either of these files in encrypted and needs a password to decrypt it, Python will ask for the password at the command line. It is not currently possible to define a callback to provide the password.

cert_reqs
    defines the certificate requirements that the client imposes on the broker. By default this is ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``, which means that the broker must provide a certificate. See the ssl pydoc for more information on this parameter.

tls_version
    specifies the version of the SSL/TLS protocol to be used. By default (if the python version supports it) the highest TLS version is detected. If unavailable, TLS v1 is used. Previous versions (all versions beginning with SSL) are possible but not recommended due to possible security problems.

ciphers
    a string specifying which encryption ciphers are allowable for this connection, or ``None`` to use the defaults. See the ssl pydoc for more information.

Must be called before ``connect*()``.

tls_set_context()
'''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    tls_set_context(context=None)

Configure network encryption and authentication context. Enables SSL/TLS support.

context
    an ssl.SSLContext object. By default, this is given by ``ssl.create_default_context()``, if available (added in Python 3.4).

If you're unsure about using this method, then either use the default context, or use the ``tls_set`` method. See the ssl module documentation section about `security considerations <https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl-security>`_ for more information.

Must be called before ``connect*()``.

tls_insecure_set()
''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    tls_insecure_set(value)

Configure verification of the server hostname in the server certificate.

If ``value`` is set to ``True``, it is impossible to guarantee that the host you are connecting to is not impersonating your server. This can be useful in initial server testing, but makes it possible for a malicious third party to impersonate your server through DNS spoofing, for example.

Do not use this function in a real system. Setting value to True means there is no point using encryption.

Must be called before ``connect*()`` and after ``tls_set()`` or ``tls_set_context()``.

enable_logger()
'''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    enable_logger(logger=None)

Enable logging using the standard python logging package (See PEP 282). This may be used at the same time as the ``on_log`` callback method.

If ``logger`` is specified, then that ``logging.Logger`` object will be used, otherwise one will be created automatically.

Paho logging levels are converted to standard ones according to the following mapping:

====================  ===============
Paho                  logging
====================  ===============
``MQTT_LOG_ERR``      ``logging.ERROR``
``MQTT_LOG_WARNING``  ``logging.WARNING``
``MQTT_LOG_NOTICE``   ``logging.INFO`` *(no direct equivalent)*
``MQTT_LOG_INFO``     ``logging.INFO``
``MQTT_LOG_DEBUG``    ``logging.DEBUG``
====================  ===============

disable_logger()
''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    disable_logger()

Disable logging using standard python logging package. This has no effect on the ``on_log`` callback.

username_pw_set()
'''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    username_pw_set(username, password=None)

Set a username and optionally a password for broker authentication. Must be called before ``connect*()``.

user_data_set()
'''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    user_data_set(userdata)

Set the private user data that will be passed to callbacks when events are generated. Use this for your own purpose to support your application.

will_set()
''''''''''

.. code:: python

    will_set(topic, payload=None, qos=0, retain=False)

Set a Will to be sent to the broker. If the client disconnects without calling
``disconnect()``, the broker will publish the message on its behalf.

topic
    the topic that the will message should be published on.

payload
    the message to send as a will. If not given, or set to ``None`` a zero
    length message will be used as the will. Passing an int or float will
    result in the payload being converted to a string representing that number.
    If you wish to send a true int/float, use ``struct.pack()`` to create the
    payload you require.

qos
    the quality of service level to use for the will.

retain
    if set to ``True``, the will message will be set as the "last known
    good"/retained message for the topic.

Raises a ``ValueError`` if ``qos`` is not 0, 1 or 2, or if ``topic`` is
``None`` or has zero string length.

reconnect_delay_set
'''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    reconnect_delay_set(min_delay=1, max_delay=120)

The client will automatically retry connection. Between each attempt
it will wait a number of seconds between ``min_delay`` and ``max_delay``.

When the connection is lost, initially the reconnection attempt is delayed of
``min_delay`` seconds. It's doubled between subsequent attempt up to ``max_delay``.

The delay is reset to ``min_delay`` when the connection complete (e.g. the CONNACK is
received, not just the TCP connection is established).


Connect / reconnect / disconnect

connect() '''''''''

.. code:: python

connect(host, port=1883, keepalive=60, bind_address="")

The connect() function connects the client to a broker. This is a blocking function. It takes the following arguments:

host the hostname or IP address of the remote broker

port the network port of the server host to connect to. Defaults to 1883. Note that the default port for MQTT over SSL/TLS is 8883 so if you are using tls_set() or tls_set_context(), the port may need providing manually

keepalive maximum period in seconds allowed between communications with the broker. If no other messages are being exchanged, this controls the rate at which the client will send ping messages to the broker

bind_address the IP address of a local network interface to bind this client to, assuming multiple interfaces exist

Callback ........

When the client receives a CONNACK message from the broker in response to the connect it generates an on_connect() callback.

Connect Example ...............

.. code:: python

mqttc.connect("mqtt.eclipse.org")

connect_async() '''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

connect_async(host, port=1883, keepalive=60, bind_address="")

Use in conjunction with loop_start() to connect in a non-blocking manner. The connection will not complete until loop_start() is called.

Callback (connect) ..................

When the client receives a CONNACK message from the broker in response to the connect it generates an on_connect() callback.

connect_srv() '''''''''''''

.. code:: python

connect_srv(domain, keepalive=60, bind_address="")

Connect to a broker using an SRV DNS lookup to obtain the broker address. Takes the following arguments:

domain the DNS domain to search for SRV records. If None, try to determine the local domain name.

See connect() for a description of the keepalive and bind_address arguments.

Callback (connect_srv) ......................

When the client receives a CONNACK message from the broker in response to the connect it generates an on_connect() callback.

SRV Connect Example ...................

.. code:: python

mqttc.connect_srv("eclipse.org")

reconnect() '''''''''''

.. code:: python

reconnect()

Reconnect to a broker using the previously provided details. You must have called connect*() before calling this function.

Callback (reconnect) ....................

When the client receives a CONNACK message from the broker in response to the connect it generates an on_connect() callback.

disconnect() ''''''''''''

.. code:: python

disconnect()

Disconnect from the broker cleanly. Using disconnect() will not result in a will message being sent by the broker.

Disconnect will not wait for all queued message to be sent, to ensure all messages are delivered, wait_for_publish() from MQTTMessageInfo should be used. See publish() for details.

Callback (disconnect) .....................

When the client has sent the disconnect message it generates an on_disconnect() callback.

Network loop

These functions are the driving force behind the client. If they are not
called, incoming network data will not be processed and outgoing network data
may not be sent in a timely fashion. There are four options for managing the
network loop. Three are described here, the fourth in "External event loop
support" below. Do not mix the different loop functions.

loop()
''''''

.. code:: python

    loop(timeout=1.0, max_packets=1)

Call regularly to process network events. This call waits in ``select()`` until
the network socket is available for reading or writing, if appropriate, then
handles the incoming/outgoing data. This function blocks for up to ``timeout``
seconds. ``timeout`` must not exceed the ``keepalive`` value for the client or
your client will be regularly disconnected by the broker.

The ``max_packets`` argument is obsolete and should be left unset.

Loop Example
............

.. code:: python

    run = True
    while run:
        mqttc.loop()

loop_start() / loop_stop()
''''''''''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    loop_start()
    loop_stop(force=False)

These functions implement a threaded interface to the network loop. Calling
``loop_start()`` once, before or after ``connect*()``, runs a thread in the
background to call ``loop()`` automatically. This frees up the main thread for
other work that may be blocking. This call also handles reconnecting to the
broker. Call ``loop_stop()`` to stop the background thread. The ``force``
argument is currently ignored.

Loop Start/Stop Example
.......................

.. code:: python

    mqttc.connect("mqtt.eclipse.org")
    mqttc.loop_start()

    while True:
        temperature = sensor.blocking_read()
        mqttc.publish("paho/temperature", temperature)

loop_forever()
''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    loop_forever(timeout=1.0, max_packets=1, retry_first_connection=False)

This is a blocking form of the network loop and will not return until the
client calls ``disconnect()``. It automatically handles reconnecting.

Except for the first connection attempt when using connect_async, use
``retry_first_connection=True`` to make it retry the first connection.
Warning: This might lead to situations where the client keeps connecting to an
non existing host without failing.

The ``timeout`` and ``max_packets`` arguments are obsolete and should be left
unset.

Publishing
``````````

Send a message from the client to the broker.

publish()
'''''''''

.. code:: python

    publish(topic, payload=None, qos=0, retain=False)

This causes a message to be sent to the broker and subsequently from the broker
to any clients subscribing to matching topics. It takes the following
arguments:

topic
    the topic that the message should be published on

payload
    the actual message to send. If not given, or set to ``None`` a zero length
    message will be used. Passing an int or float will result in the payload
    being converted to a string representing that number. If you wish to send a
    true int/float, use ``struct.pack()`` to create the payload you require

qos
    the quality of service level to use

retain
    if set to ``True``, the message will be set as the "last known
    good"/retained message for the topic.

Returns a MQTTMessageInfo which expose the following attributes and methods:

* ``rc``, the result of the publishing. It could be ``MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS`` to
  indicate success, ``MQTT_ERR_NO_CONN`` if the client is not currently connected,
  or ``MQTT_ERR_QUEUE_SIZE`` when ``max_queued_messages_set`` is used to indicate
  that message is neither queued nor sent.
* ``mid`` is the message ID for the publish request. The mid value can be used to
  track the publish request by checking against the mid argument in the
  ``on_publish()`` callback if it is defined. ``wait_for_publish`` may be easier
  depending on your use-case.
* ``wait_for_publish()`` will block until the message is published. It will
  raise ValueError if the message is not queued (rc == ``MQTT_ERR_QUEUE_SIZE``).
* ``is_published`` returns True if the message has been published. It will
  raise ValueError if the message is not queued (rc == ``MQTT_ERR_QUEUE_SIZE``).

A ``ValueError`` will be raised if topic is ``None``, has zero length or is
invalid (contains a wildcard), if ``qos`` is not one of 0, 1 or 2, or if the
length of the payload is greater than 268435455 bytes.

Callback (publish)
..................

When the message has been sent to the broker an ``on_publish()`` callback will
be generated.


Subscribe / Unsubscribe

subscribe() '''''''''''

.. code:: python

subscribe(topic, qos=0)

Subscribe the client to one or more topics.

This function may be called in three different ways:

Simple string and integer .........................

e.g. subscribe("my/topic", 2)

topic a string specifying the subscription topic to subscribe to.

qos the desired quality of service level for the subscription. Defaults to 0.

String and integer tuple ........................

e.g. subscribe(("my/topic", 1))

topic a tuple of (topic, qos). Both topic and qos must be present in the tuple.

qos not used.

List of string and integer tuples .................................

e.g. subscribe([("my/topic", 0), ("another/topic", 2)])

This allows multiple topic subscriptions in a single SUBSCRIPTION command, which is more efficient than using multiple calls to subscribe().

topic a list of tuple of format (topic, qos). Both topic and qos must be present in all of the tuples.

qos not used.

The function returns a tuple (result, mid), where result is MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS to indicate success or (MQTT_ERR_NO_CONN, None) if the client is not currently connected. mid is the message ID for the subscribe request. The mid value can be used to track the subscribe request by checking against the mid argument in the on_subscribe() callback if it is defined.

Raises a ValueError if qos is not 0, 1 or 2, or if topic is None or has zero string length, or if topic is not a string, tuple or list.

Callback (subscribe) ....................

When the broker has acknowledged the subscription, an on_subscribe() callback will be generated.

unsubscribe() '''''''''''''

.. code:: python

unsubscribe(topic)

Unsubscribe the client from one or more topics.

topic a single string, or list of strings that are the subscription topics to unsubscribe from.

Returns a tuple (result, mid), where result is MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS to indicate success, or (MQTT_ERR_NO_CONN, None) if the client is not currently connected. mid is the message ID for the unsubscribe request. The mid value can be used to track the unsubscribe request by checking against the mid argument in the on_unsubscribe() callback if it is defined.

Raises a ValueError if topic is None or has zero string length, or is not a string or list.

Callback (unsubscribe) ......................

When the broker has acknowledged the unsubscribe, an on_unsubscribe() callback will be generated.

Callbacks

on_connect()
''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc)

Called when the broker responds to our connection request.

client
    the client instance for this callback

userdata
    the private user data as set in ``Client()`` or ``user_data_set()``

flags
    response flags sent by the broker
rc
    the connection result


flags is a dict that contains response flags from the broker:
    flags['session present'] - this flag is useful for clients that are
        using clean session set to 0 only. If a client with clean
        session=0, that reconnects to a broker that it has previously
        connected to, this flag indicates whether the broker still has the
        session information for the client. If 1, the session still exists.

The value of rc indicates success or not:

    0: Connection successful
    1: Connection refused - incorrect protocol version
    2: Connection refused - invalid client identifier
    3: Connection refused - server unavailable
    4: Connection refused - bad username or password
    5: Connection refused - not authorised
    6-255: Currently unused.

On Connect Example
..................

.. code:: python

    def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
        print("Connection returned result: "+connack_string(rc))

    mqttc.on_connect = on_connect
    ...

on_disconnect()
'''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_disconnect(client, userdata, rc)

Called when the client disconnects from the broker.

client
    the client instance for this callback

userdata
    the private user data as set in ``Client()`` or ``user_data_set()``

rc
    the disconnection result

The rc parameter indicates the disconnection state. If ``MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS``
(0), the callback was called in response to a ``disconnect()`` call. If any
other value the disconnection was unexpected, such as might be caused by a
network error.

On Disconnect Example
.....................

.. code:: python

    def on_disconnect(client, userdata, rc):
        if rc != 0:
            print("Unexpected disconnection.")

    mqttc.on_disconnect = on_disconnect
    ...

on_message()
''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_message(client, userdata, message)

Called when a message has been received on a topic that the client subscribes
to and the message does not match an existing topic filter callback.
Use ``message_callback_add()`` to define a callback that will be called for
specific topic filters. ``on_message`` will serve as fallback when none matched.

client
    the client instance for this callback

userdata
    the private user data as set in ``Client()`` or ``user_data_set()``

message
    an instance of MQTTMessage. This is a class with members ``topic``, ``payload``, ``qos``, ``retain``.

On Message Example
..................

.. code:: python

    def on_message(client, userdata, message):
        print("Received message '" + str(message.payload) + "' on topic '"
            + message.topic + "' with QoS " + str(message.qos))

    mqttc.on_message = on_message
    ...

message_callback_add()
''''''''''''''''''''''

This function allows you to define callbacks that handle incoming messages for
specific subscription filters, including with wildcards. This lets you, for
example, subscribe to ``sensors/#`` and have one callback to handle
``sensors/temperature`` and another to handle ``sensors/humidity``.

.. code:: python

    message_callback_add(sub, callback)

sub
    the subscription filter to match against for this callback. Only one
    callback may be defined per literal sub string

callback
    the callback to be used. Takes the same form as the ``on_message``
    callback.

If using ``message_callback_add()`` and ``on_message``, only messages that do
not match a subscription specific filter will be passed to the ``on_message``
callback.

If multiple sub match a topic, each callback will be called (e.g. sub ``sensors/#``
and sub ``+/humidity`` both match a message with a topic ``sensors/humidity``, so both
callbacks will handle this message).

message_callback_remove()
'''''''''''''''''''''''''

Remove a topic/subscription specific callback previously registered using
``message_callback_add()``.

.. code:: python

    message_callback_remove(sub)

sub
    the subscription filter to remove

on_publish()
''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_publish(client, userdata, mid)

Called when a message that was to be sent using the ``publish()`` call has
completed transmission to the broker. For messages with QoS levels 1 and 2,
this means that the appropriate handshakes have completed. For QoS 0, this
simply means that the message has left the client. The ``mid`` variable matches
the mid variable returned from the corresponding ``publish()`` call, to allow
outgoing messages to be tracked.

This callback is important because even if the publish() call returns success,
it does not always mean that the message has been sent.

on_subscribe()
''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_subscribe(client, userdata, mid, granted_qos)

Called when the broker responds to a subscribe request. The ``mid`` variable
matches the mid variable returned from the corresponding ``subscribe()`` call.
The ``granted_qos`` variable is a list of integers that give the QoS level the
broker has granted for each of the different subscription requests.

on_unsubscribe()
''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_unsubscribe(client, userdata, mid)

Called when the broker responds to an unsubscribe request. The ``mid`` variable
matches the mid variable returned from the corresponding ``unsubscribe()``
call.

on_log()
''''''''

.. code:: python

    on_log(client, userdata, level, buf)

Called when the client has log information. Define to allow debugging. The
``level`` variable gives the severity of the message and will be one of
``MQTT_LOG_INFO``, ``MQTT_LOG_NOTICE``, ``MQTT_LOG_WARNING``, ``MQTT_LOG_ERR``,
and ``MQTT_LOG_DEBUG``. The message itself is in ``buf``.

This may be used at the same time as the standard Python logging, which can be
enabled via the ``enable_logger`` method.

on_socket_open()
''''''''''''''''

::

    on_socket_open(client, userdata, sock)

Called when the socket has been opened.
Use this to register the socket with an external event loop for reading.

on_socket_close()
'''''''''''''''''

::

    on_socket_close(client, userdata, sock)

Called when the socket is about to be closed.
Use this to unregister a socket from an external event loop for reading.

on_socket_register_write()
''''''''''''''''''''''''''

::

    on_socket_register_write(client, userdata, sock)

Called when a write operation to the socket failed because it would have blocked, e.g. output buffer full.
Use this to register the socket with an external event loop for writing.

on_socket_unregister_write()
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

::

    on_socket_unregister_write(client, userdata, sock)

Called when a write operation to the socket succeeded after it had previously failed.
Use this to unregister the socket from an external event loop for writing.

External event loop support

loop_read() '''''''''''

.. code:: python

loop_read(max_packets=1)

Call when the socket is ready for reading. max_packets is obsolete and should be left unset.

loop_write() ''''''''''''

.. code:: python

loop_write(max_packets=1)

Call when the socket is ready for writing. max_packets is obsolete and should be left unset.

loop_misc() '''''''''''

.. code:: python

loop_misc()

Call every few seconds to handle message retrying and pings.

socket() ''''''''

.. code:: python

socket()

Returns the socket object in use in the client to allow interfacing with other event loops. This call is particularly useful for select_ based loops. See examples/loop_select.py.

.. _select: https://docs.python.org/3/library/select.html#select.select

want_write() ''''''''''''

.. code:: python

want_write()

Returns true if there is data waiting to be written, to allow interfacing the client with other event loops. This call is particularly useful for select_ based loops. See examples/loop_select.py.

.. _select: https://docs.python.org/3/library/select.html#select.select

state callbacks '''''''''''''''

::

on_socket_open
on_socket_close
on_socket_register_write
on_socket_unregister_write

Use these callbacks to get notified about state changes in the socket. This is particularly useful for event loops where you register or unregister a socket for reading+writing. See examples/loop_asyncio.py for an example.

When the socket is opened, on_socket_open is called. Register the socket with your event loop for reading.

When the socket is about to be closed, on_socket_close is called. Unregister the socket from your event loop for reading.

When a write to the socket failed because it would have blocked, e.g. output buffer full, on_socket_register_write is called. Register the socket with your event loop for writing.

When the next write to the socket succeeded, on_socket_unregister_write is called. Unregister the socket from your event loop for writing.

The callbacks are always called in this order:

• on_socket_open

• Zero or more times:

  • on_socket_register_write
  • on_socket_unregister_write

• on_socket_close

Global helper functions

The client module also offers some global helper functions.

``topic_matches_sub(sub, topic)`` can be used to check whether a ``topic``
matches a ``subscription``.

For example:

    the topic ``foo/bar`` would match the subscription ``foo/#`` or ``+/bar``

    the topic ``non/matching`` would not match the subscription ``non/+/+``


``connack_string(connack_code)`` returns the error string associated with a
CONNACK result.


``error_string(mqtt_errno)`` returns the error string associated with a Paho
MQTT error number.

Publish
*******

This module provides some helper functions to allow straightforward publishing
of messages in a one-shot manner. In other words, they are useful for the
situation where you have a single/multiple messages you want to publish to a
broker, then disconnect with nothing else required.

The two functions provided are ``single()`` and ``multiple()``.

Single
``````

Publish a single message to a broker, then disconnect cleanly.

.. code:: python

    single(topic, payload=None, qos=0, retain=False, hostname="localhost",
        port=1883, client_id="", keepalive=60, will=None, auth=None, tls=None,
        protocol=mqtt.MQTTv311, transport="tcp")


Publish Single Function arguments
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

topic
    the only required argument must be the topic string to which the payload
    will be published.

payload
    the payload to be published. If "" or None, a zero length payload will be
    published.

qos
    the qos to use when publishing,  default to 0.

retain
    set the message to be retained (True) or not (False).

hostname
    a string containing the address of the broker to connect to. Defaults to
    localhost.

port
    the port to connect to the broker on. Defaults to 1883.

client_id
    the MQTT client id to use. If "" or None, the Paho library will
    generate a client id automatically.

keepalive
    the keepalive timeout value for the client. Defaults to 60 seconds.

will
    a dict containing will parameters for the client:

    will = {'topic': "<topic>", 'payload':"<payload">, 'qos':<qos>, 'retain':<retain>}.

    Topic is required, all other parameters are optional and will default to
    None, 0 and False respectively.

    Defaults to None, which indicates no will should be used.

auth
    a dict containing authentication parameters for the client:

    auth = {'username':"<username>", 'password':"<password>"}

    Username is required, password is optional and will default to None if not provided.

    Defaults to None, which indicates no authentication is to be used.

tls
    a dict containing TLS configuration parameters for the client:

    dict = {'ca_certs':"<ca_certs>", 'certfile':"<certfile>", 'keyfile':"<keyfile>", 'tls_version':"<tls_version>", 'ciphers':"<ciphers">}

    ca_certs is required, all other parameters are optional and will default to None if not provided, which results in the client using the default behaviour - see the paho.mqtt.client documentation.

    Defaults to None, which indicates that TLS should not be used.

protocol
    choose the version of the MQTT protocol to use. Use either ``MQTTv31`` or ``MQTTv311``.

transport
    set to "websockets" to send MQTT over WebSockets. Leave at the default of
    "tcp" to use raw TCP.

Publish Single Example
''''''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    import paho.mqtt.publish as publish

    publish.single("paho/test/single", "payload", hostname="mqtt.eclipse.org")

Multiple
````````

Publish multiple messages to a broker, then disconnect cleanly.

.. code:: python

    multiple(msgs, hostname="localhost", port=1883, client_id="", keepalive=60,
        will=None, auth=None, tls=None, protocol=mqtt.MQTTv311, transport="tcp")

Publish Multiple Function arguments
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

msgs
    a list of messages to publish. Each message is either a dict or a tuple.

    If a dict, only the topic must be present. Default values will be
    used for any missing arguments. The dict must be of the form:

    msg = {'topic':"<topic>", 'payload':"<payload>", 'qos':<qos>, 'retain':<retain>}

    topic must be present and may not be empty.
    If payload is "", None or not present then a zero length payload will be published. If qos is not present, the default of 0 is used. If retain is not present, the default of False is used.

    If a tuple, then it must be of the form:

    ("<topic>", "<payload>", qos, retain)

See ``single()`` for the description of ``hostname``, ``port``, ``client_id``, ``keepalive``, ``will``, ``auth``, ``tls``, ``protocol``, ``transport``.

Publish Multiple Example
''''''''''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    import paho.mqtt.publish as publish

    msgs = [{'topic':"paho/test/multiple", 'payload':"multiple 1"},
        ("paho/test/multiple", "multiple 2", 0, False)]
    publish.multiple(msgs, hostname="mqtt.eclipse.org")


Subscribe
*********

This module provides some helper functions to allow straightforward subscribing
and processing of messages.

The two functions provided are ``simple()`` and ``callback()``.

Simple
``````

Subscribe to a set of topics and return the messages received. This is a
blocking function.

.. code:: python

    simple(topics, qos=0, msg_count=1, retained=False, hostname="localhost",
        port=1883, client_id="", keepalive=60, will=None, auth=None, tls=None,
        protocol=mqtt.MQTTv311)


Simple Subscribe Function arguments
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

topics
    the only required argument is the topic string to which the client will
    subscribe. This can either be a string or a list of strings if multiple
    topics should be subscribed to.

qos
    the qos to use when subscribing, defaults to 0.

msg_count
    the number of messages to retrieve from the broker. Defaults to 1. If 1, a
    single MQTTMessage object will be returned. If >1, a list of MQTTMessages
    will be returned.

retained
    set to True to consider retained messages, set to False to ignore messages
    with the retained flag set.

hostname
    a string containing the address of the broker to connect to. Defaults to localhost.

port
    the port to connect to the broker on. Defaults to 1883.

client_id
    the MQTT client id to use. If "" or None, the Paho library will
    generate a client id automatically.

keepalive
    the keepalive timeout value for the client. Defaults to 60 seconds.

will
    a dict containing will parameters for the client:

    will = {'topic': "<topic>", 'payload':"<payload">, 'qos':<qos>, 'retain':<retain>}.

    Topic is required, all other parameters are optional and will default to
    None, 0 and False respectively.

    Defaults to None, which indicates no will should be used.

auth
    a dict containing authentication parameters for the client:

    auth = {'username':"<username>", 'password':"<password>"}

    Username is required, password is optional and will default to None if not
    provided.

    Defaults to None, which indicates no authentication is to be used.

tls
    a dict containing TLS configuration parameters for the client:

    dict = {'ca_certs':"<ca_certs>", 'certfile':"<certfile>", 'keyfile':"<keyfile>", 'tls_version':"<tls_version>", 'ciphers':"<ciphers">}

    ca_certs is required, all other parameters are optional and will default to
    None if not provided, which results in the client using the default
    behaviour - see the paho.mqtt.client documentation.

    Defaults to None, which indicates that TLS should not be used.

protocol
    choose the version of the MQTT protocol to use. Use either ``MQTTv31`` or ``MQTTv311``.


Simple Example
''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    import paho.mqtt.subscribe as subscribe

    msg = subscribe.simple("paho/test/simple", hostname="mqtt.eclipse.org")
    print("%s %s" % (msg.topic, msg.payload))

Using Callback
``````````````

Subscribe to a set of topics and process the messages received using a user
provided callback.

.. code:: python

    callback(callback, topics, qos=0, userdata=None, hostname="localhost",
        port=1883, client_id="", keepalive=60, will=None, auth=None, tls=None,
        protocol=mqtt.MQTTv311)

Callback Subscribe Function arguments
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

callback
    an "on_message" callback that will be used for each message received, and
    of the form

    .. code:: python

        def on_message(client, userdata, message)

topics
    the topic string to which the client will subscribe. This can either be a
    string or a list of strings if multiple topics should be subscribed to.

qos
    the qos to use when subscribing, defaults to 0.

userdata
    a user provided object that will be passed to the on_message callback when
    a message is received.

See ``simple()`` for the description of ``hostname``, ``port``, ``client_id``, ``keepalive``, ``will``, ``auth``, ``tls``, ``protocol``.

Callback Example
''''''''''''''''

.. code:: python

    import paho.mqtt.subscribe as subscribe

    def on_message_print(client, userdata, message):
        print("%s %s" % (message.topic, message.payload))

    subscribe.callback(on_message_print, "paho/test/callback", hostname="mqtt.eclipse.org")


Reporting bugs
--------------

Please report bugs in the issues tracker at https://github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.python/issues.

More information
----------------

Discussion of the Paho clients takes place on the `Eclipse paho-dev mailing list <https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/paho-dev>`_.

General questions about the MQTT protocol itself (not this library) are discussed in the `MQTT Google Group <https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/mqtt>`_.

There is much more information available via the `MQTT community site <http://mqtt.org/>`_.