ErgoScript compiler and ErgoTree interpreter
This repository contains implementations of ErgoScript compiler and ErgoTree Interpreter for a family of Sigma-protocol based authentication languages (or simply Sigma language).
This library is used internally in Ergo Node and ergo-wallet, the public interfaces are subject to change.
For development of Ergo applications using JVM languages (Java/Scala/Kotlin/etc) a better alternative is to use Appkit.
Sigma Language Background
Every coin in Bitcoin is protected by a program in the stack-based Script language. An interpreter for the language is evaluating the program against a context (few variables containing information about a spending transaction and the blockchain), producing a single boolean value as a result. While Bitcoin Script allows for some contracts to be programmed, its abilities are limited. Also, to add new cryptographic primitives, for example, ring signatures, a hard-fork is required.
Generalizing the Bitcoin Script, ErgoScript compiler and ErgoTree interpreter implement an authentication language which allows to express coin spending conditions. The ErgoScript Compiler compiles the source code into ErgoTree byte code, which can be saved in UTXO coins to protect their spending (same as in Bitcoin).
ErgoTree, in turn, is a bytecode language and memory representation which can be deterministically interpreted in the given blockchain context. ErgoTree defines guarding proposition for a coin as a logic formula which combines predicates over a context and cryptographic statements provable via Σ-protocols with AND, OR, k-out-of-n connectives.
An interacting party willing to spend the coin first constructs a prover with a set of secrets it knows and then the prover is executed in two steps:
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Reduction - the prover uses the ErgoTree interpreter and deterministically reduces the ErgoTree proposition to a compound cryptographic statement(aka sigma proposition, Σ-protocol) by evaluating ErgoTree over known shared context (state of the blockchain system and a spending transaction). This step produces a value of the SigmaBoolean type.
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Signing - the prover is turning the obtained (and possibly complex) Σ-proposition into a signature with the help of a Fiat-Shamir transformation. This step produces a proof that the party knows the secrets such that the knowledge can be verified before the spending transaction is added to the blockchain.
To allow valid coin spending a verifier is running the ErgoTree interpreter with the following three inputs:
- a guarding proposition given by an ErgoTree
- a blockchain context of the transaction being verified
- a proof (aka transaction signature) generated by a prover
The verifier is executed as part of transaction validation for each input and is executed in tree steps:
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Reduction - same as prover, the verifier uses the ErgoTree interpreter and deterministically produces a value of the SigmaBoolean type. However, this step must finish evaluation for any possible inputs within concrete fixed time limit (aka maximum cost), which is checked by the interpreter.
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Cost estimation - the verifier estimates the complexity of cryptographic Sigma proposition (based in the size and the concrete nodes of SigmaBoolean tree). The spending fails if the estimated cost exceeds the maximum limit.
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Signature verification - the signature checker takes 1) the proof, 2) the SigmaBoolean (aka sigma protocol proposition) and 3) the signed message (e.g. transaction bytes). The checker than verifies the proof, which means it verifies that all the necessary secrets has been known and used to construct the proof (i.e. sign the transaction).
Getting Started
This library is publishied on Maven repository and can be added to the SBT configuration of Scala project.
libraryDependencies += "org.scorexfoundation" %% "sigma-state" % "4.0.3"Repository Organization
| sub-module | description |
|---|---|
| common | Used in all other submodules and contain basic utility classes |
| core | Implementation of graph-based intermediate representation of ErgoTree, which is used in cost estimation and interpretation |
| docs | Collection of documents |
| library | Implementation of graph IR nodes for Coll, Size and other types |
| library-api | Declarations of interfaces |
| library-impl | Implementation of interfaces |
| sigma-api | Declarations of runtime interfaces which are used in ErgoTree interpreter |
| sigma-impl | Implementation of sigma-api interfaces |
| sigma-library | Implementation of graph IR nodes for Sigma types |
| sigmastate | Implementation ErgoTree, Interpreter and cost estimation |