xgadget
Fast, parallel, cross-variant ROP/JOP gadget search for x86 (32-bit) and x64 (64-bit) binaries. Uses the iced-x86 disassembler library.
Current state: decent test coverage, but still in beta. Issues/PRs welcome :)
Quickstart
Install the CLI tool and show its help menu:
cargo install xgadget --features cli-bin # Build on host (pre-req: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install)
xgadget --help # List available commandline optionsAbout
xgadget is a tool for Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) and Jump-Oriented Programming (JOP) exploit development.
It's a fast, multi-threaded alternative to awesome tools like ROPGadget, Ropper, and rp.
Though not yet as mature as some of its contemporaries, it contains unique and experimental functionality.
To the best of our knowledge, xgadget is the first gadget search tool to have these features:
- Finds gadgets that control (overwrite) specific registers - not just operands of a
popinstruction or matches for a given regex- Use the
--reg-ctrl <optional_register_name>flag
- Use the
- JOP search uses instruction semantics - not hardcoded regex for individual encodings
- Optionally filter to JOP "dispatcher" gadgets with flag
--dispatcher
- Optionally filter to JOP "dispatcher" gadgets with flag
- Finds gadgets that work across multiple variants of a binary (e.g. different program or compiler versions)
- Full-match - Same instruction sequence, same program counter: gadget fully re-usable.
- E.g.
pop rsp; add [rax-0x77], cl; ret ------------------------------------- [ 0xc748d ]
- E.g.
- Partial-match - Same instruction sequence, different program counter: gadget logic portable.
- E.g.
pop rsp; add [rax-0x77], cl; ret; --- [ 'bin_v1.1': 0xc748d, 'bin_v1.2': 0xc9106 ]
- E.g.
- This is entirely optional, you're free to run this tool on a single binary.
- Full-match - Same instruction sequence, same program counter: gadget fully re-usable.
- The stack pointer is explicitly colored in terminal output, for workflow convenience.
Other features include:
- Both a library API and CLI tool
- Supports ELF32, ELF64, PE32, PE32+, Mach-O [1], and raw files
- Parallel across available cores [2], whether searching a single binary or multiple variants
- CI/CD for automated integration test and binary releases (Linux, 64-bit) [3]
- Statistical benchmark harness for performance tuning [4]
- 8086/x86/x64 only, uses a speed-optimized disassembly backend [5]
API Usage
Find gadgets:
use xgadget;
let max_gadget_len = 5;
// Search single binary
let search_config = xgadget::SearchConfig::DEFAULT;
let bin_1 = xgadget::Binary::from_path_str("/path/to/bin_v1").unwrap();
let bins = vec![bin_1];
let gadgets = xgadget::find_gadgets(&bins, max_gadget_len, search_config).unwrap();
let stack_pivot_gadgets = xgadget::filter_stack_pivot(&gadgets);
// Search for cross-variant gadgets, including partial matches
let search_config = xgadget::SearchConfig::DEFAULT | xgadget::SearchConfig::PART;
let bin_1 = xgadget::Binary::from_path_str("/path/to/bin_v1").unwrap();
let bin_2 = xgadget::Binary::from_path_str("/path/to/bin_v2").unwrap();
let bins = vec![bin_1, bin_2];
let cross_gadgets = xgadget::find_gadgets(&bins, max_gadget_len, search_config).unwrap();
let cross_reg_pop_gadgets = xgadget::filter_reg_pop_only(&cross_gadgets);Custom filters can be created using the GadgetAnalysis object and/or functions from the semantics module.
How the above filter_stack_pivot function is implemented:
use rayon::prelude::*;
use iced_x86;
use xgadget::{Gadget, GadgetAnalysis};
/// Parallel filter to gadgets that write the stack pointer
pub fn filter_stack_pivot<'a>(gadgets: &[Gadget<'a>]) -> Vec<Gadget<'a>> {
gadgets
.par_iter()
.filter(|g| {
let regs_overwritten = GadgetAnalysis::new(&g).regs_overwritten();
if regs_overwritten.contains(&iced_x86::Register::RSP)
|| regs_overwritten.contains(&iced_x86::Register::ESP)
|| regs_overwritten.contains(&iced_x86::Register::SP)
{
return true;
}
false
})
.cloned()
.collect()
}CLI Usage
Run xgadget --help:
xgadget v0.7.0
About: Fast, parallel, cross-variant ROP/JOP gadget search for x86/x64 binaries.
Cores: 8 logical, 8 physical
USAGE:
xgadget [OPTIONS] <FILE(S)>...
ARGS:
<FILE(S)>... 1+ binaries to gadget search. If > 1: gadgets common to all
OPTIONS:
-a, --arch <ARCH> For raw (no header) files: specify arch ('x8086', 'x86', or 'x64') [default: x64]
-b, --bad-bytes <BYTE(S)>... Filter to gadgets whose addrs don't contain given bytes [default: all]
-c, --check-sec Run checksec on the 1+ binaries instead of gadget search
-d, --dispatcher Filter to potential JOP 'dispatcher' gadgets [default: all]
-e, --extended-fmt Print in terminal-wide format [default: only used for partial match search]
-f, --regex-filter <EXPR> Filter to gadgets matching a regular expression
--fess Compute Fast Exploit Similarity Score (FESS) table for 2+ binaries
-h, --help Print help information
--inc-call Include gadgets containing a call [default: don't include]
--inc-imm16 Include '{ret, ret far} imm16' (e.g. add to stack ptr) [default: don't include]
-j, --jop Search for JOP gadgets only [default: ROP, JOP, and SYSCALL]
-l, --max-len <LEN> Gadgets up to LEN instrs long. If 0: all gadgets, any length [default: 5]
-m, --partial-match Include cross-variant partial matches [default: full matches only]
-n, --no-color Don't color output [default: color output]
--no-deref [<OPT_REG>] Filter to gadgets that don't deref any regs or a specific reg [default: all]
-p, --stack-pivot Filter to gadgets that write the stack ptr [default: all]
--param-ctrl Filter to gadgets that control function parameters [default: all]
-r, --rop Search for ROP gadgets only [default: ROP, JOP, and SYSCALL]
--reg-ctrl [<OPT_REG>] Filter to gadgets that control any reg or a specific reg [default: all]
--reg-pop Filter to 'pop {reg} * 1+, {ret or ctrl-ed jmp/call}' gadgets [default: all]
-s, --sys Search for SYSCALL gadgets only [default: ROP, JOP, and SYSCALL]
-t, --att Display gadgets using AT&T syntax [default: Intel syntax]
-V, --version Print version information
CLI Build and Install (Recommended)
Build a dynamically-linked binary from source and install it locally:
cargo install xgadget --features cli-bin # Build on host (pre-req: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install)CLI Binary Releases for Linux
Commits to this repo's master branch automatically run integration tests and build a statically-linked binary for 64-bit Linux.
You can download it here to try out the CLI immediately, instead of building from source.
Static binaries for Windows may also be supported in the future.
Unfortunately the statically-linked binary is several times slower on an i7-9700K, likely due to the built-in memory allocator for target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl.
So building a dynamically-linked binary from source with the above cargo install command is highly recommended for performance (links against your system's allocator).
Why No Chain Generation?
Tools that attempt to automate ROP/JOP chain generation require heavyweight analysis - typically symbolic execution of an intermediate representation.
This works well for small binaries and CTF problems, but tends to be error-prone and difficult to scale for large, real-world programs.
At present, xgadget has a different goal: enable an expert user to manually craft stable exploits by providing fast, accurate gadget discovery.
Yeah, but can it do 10 OS kernels under 10 seconds?! Repeatable Benchmark Harness
To build a Docker container and connect to it:
user@host$ git clone [email protected]:entropic-security/xgadget.git
user@host$ cd xgadget
user@host$ docker build -t xgadget_bench_container .
user@host$ docker run -it xgadget_bench_container
root@container:/xgadget#The final build step runs ./benches/bench_setup_ubuntu.sh.
This script downloads and builds 10 consecutive Linux kernels (versions 5.0.1 to 5.0.10 - with x86_64_defconfig).
Grab a coffee, it can take a while.
Once it's done, run cargo bench to search all 10 kernels for common gadgets (among other benchmarks):
root@container:/xgadget# cargo benchOn an i7-9700K (8C/8T, 3.6GHz base, 4.9 GHz max) machine with gcc version 8.4.0: the average runtime, to process all ten 54MB kernels simultaneously with a max gadget length of 5 instructions and full-match search for all gadget types (ROP, JOP, and syscall gadgets), is only 6.3 seconds! Including partial matches as well takes just 7.9 seconds.
Fast Exploit Similarity Score (FESS)
The --fess flag uses cross-variant gadget matching as a metric of binary similarity.
It's an experiment in anti-diversification for exploitation.
To view similarity scores for kernel versions 5.0.1, 5.0.5, and 5.0.10 within the container:
root@container# cd ./benches/kernels/
root@container# xgadget vmlinux-5.0.1 vmlinux-5.0.5 vmlinux-5.0.10 --fess
TARGET 0 - 'vmlinux-5.0.1': ELF-X64, 0x00000001000000 entry, 21065728/2 executable bytes/segments
TARGET 1 - 'vmlinux-5.0.5': ELF-X64, 0x00000001000000 entry, 21069824/2 executable bytes/segments
TARGET 2 - 'vmlinux-5.0.10': ELF-X64, 0x00000001000000 entry, 21069824/2 executable bytes/segments
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| Gadget Type | vmlinux-5.0.1 (base) | vmlinux-5.0.5 (diff) | vmlinux-5.0.10 (diff) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| ROP (full) | 175,740 | 11,124 (6.33%) | 699 (0.40%) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| ROP (part) | - | 85,717 (48.77%) | 79,367 (45.16%) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| JOP (full) | 97,239 | 1,093 (1.12%) | 277 (0.28%) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| JOP (part) | - | 16,792 (17.27%) | 12,635 (12.99%) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| SYS (full) | 81 | 20 (24.69%) | 20 (24.69%) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| SYS (part) | - | 59 (72.84%) | 58 (71.60%) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------+In the output table, we see that up to 45.16% of individual ROP gadgets are portable across all three versions (counting partial matches).
Acknowledgements
This project started as an optimized solution to Chapter 8, exercise 3 of "Practical Binary Analysis" by Dennis Andreisse [6], and builds on the design outlined therein.
License and Contributing
Licensed under the MIT license. Contributions are welcome!