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grappa is a behavior-oriented, self-declarative, expressive and developer-friendly lightweight assertion library for Python_ that aims to make testing more productive and frictionless for humans.

grappa comes with two declarative assertion styles_: expect and should.

It also comes with a detailed, human-friendly error reporting_ system that aims to reduce friction, provide better feedback and improve human speed and agility while identifying and fixing errors.

To get started, take a look to the showcase_ code, getting started, available plugins and operators documentation (accessors, attributes, matchers_).

For HTTP protocol assertions, see grappa-http_.

Status

grappa is considered stable software, however it's not mature, widely used software. New features may be added from time to time or minor bugs may be experienced.

Community contributions and bug reports are very welcome.

Showcase

A small example demonstrating some grappa features. See documentation_ and getting started_ for more examples.

.. code-block:: python

from grappa import should

True | should.be.true
False | should.be.false
None | should.be.none

'' | should.be.empty
[] | should.be.empty
'foo' | should.exists

3.14 | should.be.lower.than(4)
3.14 | should.be.higher.than(3)
3.14 | should.be.within(2, 4)

'bar' | should.be.equal.to('bar', msg='value is not "bar"')
[1, 2, 3] | should.be.equal.to([1, 2, 3])

'hello, grappa' | should.startswith('hello')
'hello, grappa' | should.endswith('grappa')
[1, 2, 3, 4] | should.startswith(1)
[1, 2, 3, 4] | should.endswith(4)

'Hello grappa' | should.match('(\W)+ grappa$')
'Hello grappa' | should.contain('grappa') | should.contain('he')
['foo', 'bar'] | should.contain('foo') | should.do_not.contain('baz')

'foo' | should.be.a('string')
{'foo': True} | should.be.a('dict')

iter([1, 2, 3]) | should.have.length.of(3)
[1, 2, 3] | should.be.a('list') > should.have.length.of(3)

(lambda x: x) | should.be.callable
(lambda x: x) | should.not_have.type.of('generator')

'foo' | should.pass_test(lambda x: x in 'foo bar')
'foo' | should.pass_function(lambda x: len(x) > 2)

(lambda: x) | should.raises(NameError)
(lambda: x) | should.does_not.raises(RuntimeError)

{'foo': 'bar'} | should.have.key('foo').that.should.be.equal('bar')
(1, 2, 3, 4) | should.be.a(tuple) > should.have.index.at(3) > should.be.equal.to(4)

an_object | should.have.properties('foo', 'bar', 'baz')
an_object | should.implement.methods('foo', 'bar', 'baz')

{'foo': True, 'bar': False} | should.all(should.have.key('foo'), should.have.key('bar'))
{'foo': True, 'bar': False} | should.any(should.have.key('foo'), should.have.key('baz'))

({'bar': [1, 2, 3]}
    | should.have.key('bar')
    > should.be.a('list')
    > should.have.length.of(3)
    > should.contain.item(3)
    > should.have.index.at(1)
    > should.be.equal.to(2))

with should('foo'):
    should.be.a(str)
    should.have.length.of(3)
    should.be.equal.to('foo')

Let's see how the error report looks like in grappa running in pytest.

See error reporting_ documentation for more details about how grappa error report system works.

.. code-block:: bash

======================================================================
FAIL: tests.should_test.test_grappa_assert
======================================================================
The following assertion was not satisfied
  subject "[1, 2, 3]" should be have length of "4"

Message
  subject list must have at least 4 items

Reasons
  ▸ unexpected object length: 3

What we expected
  an object that can be length measured and its length is equal to 4

What we got instead
  an object of type "list" with length 3

Information
  ▸ Object length is measured by using "len()" built-in
    Python function or consuming an lazy iterable, such as a
    generator. Most built-in types and objects in Python
    can be tested that way, such as str, list, tuple, dict...
    as well as any object that implements "__len__()" method.
    — Reference: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len

Where
  File "grappa/tests/should_test.py", line 16, in test_grappa_assert

 8|
 9|  def test_native_assert():
10|      x = [1, 2, 3]
11|      assert len(x) == 4
12|
13|
14|  def test_grappa_assert():
15|      x = [1, 2, 3]
16| >    x | should.be.have.length.of(4)
17|
18|
19|  def test_bool():
20|      True | should.be.true | should.be.present
21|      False | should.be.false | should.be.equal.to(False)
22|      False | should.be.false | should.not_be.equal.to(True)

Why grappa?

grappa aims to assist humans while doing a very recurrent and not very fun task in software development: testing things.

The core idea behind grappa comes from the fact that human time is considerably more expensive than machine time, and therefore any machine assistance to optimize processes and close the gap is beneficial.

With grappa you can express almost in plain English what the test contract actually is, but in a way that's fun and easy to write but also more easy and pleasant to read or maintain by other developers.

The Zen of grappa

Testing is about feedback: detailed, easy to understand, human-friendly is always better.
Frictionless testing: introducing self-declarative behavior testing patterns can make testing more fun for test writers and more enjoyable for test readers.
Expressivity is paramount: humans should easily understand what the code is doing.
Human time is expensive: any modern software should assist people to identify and understand errors easily.
Make error reporting great again: feedback during testing is key, let's make it more handy and less frustrating.
Testing patterns consolidation: software expectations are limited to the boundaries of language data types and structures.
Hurt less feelings: seeing errors is not a nice thing, but it can be painless if details are showed you in a more gentle way.

Features

Behavior-oriented expressive fluent API.
Built-in assertion DSL with English lexicon and semantics.
Supports both expect and should assertion styles.
Full-featured built-in accessors, attributes and matchers_ operators.
Human-friendly and detailed error reporting_.
Built-in expectations difference comparison between subject and expected values.
Extensible assertions supporting third-party plugins_.
Assertion chaining and composition.
Composable assertion via logical operators such as and & or.
Testing framework agnostic. Works with unittest, nosetests, pytest, behave ...
Easy to hack via programmatic API.
Lightweight and (almost) dependency-free.
Works with Python 2.7+, 3+, PyPy and potentially with other Python implementations.

Installation

Using pip package manager:

.. code-block:: bash

pip install --upgrade grappa

Or install the latest sources from Github:

.. code-block:: bash

pip install -e git+git://github.com/grappa-py/grappa.git#egg=grappa

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