Kotter 🦦

session {
  var wantsToLearn by liveVarOf(false)
  section {
    text("Would you like to learn "); cyan { text("Kotter") }; textLine("? (Y/n)")
    text("> "); input(Completions("yes", "no"))

    if (wantsToLearn) {
      yellow(isBright = true) { p { textLine("""\(^o^)/""") } }
    }
  }.runUntilInputEntered {
    onInputEntered { wantsToLearn = "yes".startsWith(input.lowercase()) }
  }
}

See also: the game of life, snake, sliding tiles, doom fire, and Wordle implemented in Kotter!

Kotter (a KOTlin TERminal library) aims to be a relatively thin, declarative, Kotlin-idiomatic API that provides useful functionality for writing delightful console applications. It strives to keep things simple, providing a solution a bit more opinionated than making raw println calls but way less featured than something like Java Curses.

Specifically, this library helps with:

• Setting colors and text decorations (e.g. underline, bold)
• Handling user input
• Creating timers and animations
• Seamlessly repainting terminal text when values change

🐘 Gradle

🎯 Dependency

// build.gradle (groovy)

repositories {
  mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
  implementation 'com.varabyte.kotter:kotter:1.0.0'
}

// build.gradle.kts (kotlin script)

repositories {
  mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
  implementation("com.varabyte.kotter:kotter:1.0.0")
}

🚥 Running examples

If you've cloned this repository, examples are located under the examples folder. To try one of them, you can navigate into it on the command line and run it via Gradle.

$ cd examples/life
$ ../../gradlew run

However, because Gradle itself has taken over the terminal to do its own fancy command line magic, the example will actually open up and run inside a virtual terminal.

If you want to run the program directly inside your system terminal, which is hopefully the way most users will see your application, you should use the installDist task to accomplish this:

$ cd examples/life
$ ../../gradlew installDist
$ cd build/install/life/bin
$ ./life

Note: If your terminal does not support features needed by Kotter, then this still may end up running inside a virtual terminal.

📖 Usage

👶 Basics

The following is equivalent to println("Hello, World"). In this simple case, it's definitely overkill!

session {
  section { textLine("Hello, World") }.run()
}

section { ... } defines a Section which, on its own, is inert. It needs to be run to output text to the console. Above, we use the run method to trigger this. The method blocks until the render (i.e. text printing to the console) is finished (which, in the above case, will be almost instant).

session { ... } sets the outer scope for your whole program. While we're just calling it with default arguments here, you can also pass in parameters that apply to the entire application.

While the above simple case is a bit verbose for what it's doing, Kotter starts to show its strength when doing background work (or other async tasks like waiting for user input) during which time the section block may render several times. We'll see many examples throughout this document later.

A Kotter session can contain one or more sections. Your own app may only ever contain a single section and that's fine! But if you have multiple sections, it will feel to the user like your app has a current, active area, following a history of text paragraphs from previous interactions that no longer change.

🎨 Text Effects

You can call color methods directly, which remain in effect until the next color method is called:

section {
  green(layer = BG)
  red() // defaults to FG layer if no layer specified
  textLine("Red on green")
  blue()
  textLine("Blue on green")
}.run()

If you only want the color effect to live for a limited time, you can use scoped helper versions that handle clearing colors for you automatically at the end of their block:

section {
  green(layer = BG) {
    red {
      textLine("Red on green")
    }
    textLine("Default on green")
    blue {
      textLine("Blue on green")
    }
  }
}.run()

If the user's terminal supports truecolor mode, you can specify rgb (or hsv) values directly:

section {
  rgb(0xFFFF00) { textLine("Yellow!") }
  hsv(35, 1.0f, 1.0f) { textLine("Orange!") }
}.run()

Note: If truecolor is not supported, terminals may attempt to emulate it by falling back to a nearby color, which may look decent! However, to be safe, you may want to avoid subtle gradient tricks, as they may come out clumped for some users.

Various text effects (like bold) are also available:

section {
  bold {
    textLine("Title")
  }

  p {
    textLine("A paragraph is content auto-surrounded by newlines")
  }

  p {
    text("This paragraph has an ")
    underline { text("underlined") }
    textLine(" word in it")
  }
}.run()

Note: Italics functionality is not currently exposed, as it is not a standard feature and is inconsistently supported across terminals.

You can also define links:

section {
  text("Would you like to ")
  link("https://github.com/varabyte/kotter", "learn Kotter")
  textLine("?")
}

although keep in mind that this feature is not guaranteed to work on every terminal. In that case, it will simply render as normal text.

🪆 State and scopedState

To reduce the chance of introducing unexpected bugs later, state changes (like colors) will be localized to the current section block only:

section {
  blue(BG)
  red()
  text("This text is red on blue")
}.run()

section {
  text("This text is rendered using default colors")
}.run()

Within a section, you can also use the scopedState method. This creates a new scope within which any state will be automatically discarded after it ends.

section {
  scopedState {
    red()
    blue(BG)
    underline()
    textLine("Underlined red on blue")
  }
  text("Text without color or decorations")
}.run()

Note: Scoped text effect methods (like red { ... }) work by calling scopedState for you under the hood.

🎬 Rerendering sections

The section block is designed to be run one or more times. That is, you can write logic inside it which may not get executed on the first run but will be on a followup run.

Here, instead of just calling run(), we create a run block, having it update a variable that is also referenced by the section block. This example will render the section twice - once when run is first called and again when it calls rerender:

var result: Int? = null
section {
  text("Calculating... ")
  if (result != null) {
    text("Done! Result = $result")
  }
}.run {
  result = doNetworkFetchAndExpensiveCalculation()
  rerender()
}

The run block runs as a suspend function, so you can call other suspend methods from within it.

Your program will be blocked until the run block has finished (or, if it has triggered a rerender, until the last rerender finishes).

LiveVar

In our example above, the run block calls a rerender method, which you can call to request another render pass:

/* ... */
run {
  result = doNetworkFetchAndExpensiveCalculation()
  rerender()
}

However, remembering to call rerender yourself is potentially fragile and could be a source of bugs in the future when trying to figure out why your console isn't updating.

For this purpose, Kotter provides the LiveVar class, which, when modified, will automatically request a rerender. An example will demonstrate this in action shortly.

To create a LiveVar, simply change a normal variable declaration line like:

session {
  var result: Int? = null
  /* ... */
}

to:

session {
  var result by liveVarOf<Int?>(null)
  /* ... */
}

Note: The liveVarOf method is provided by the session block. For many remaining examples, we'll elide the session boilerplate, but that doesn't mean you can omit it in your own program!

Let's apply liveVarOf to our earlier example in order to remove the rerender call:

var result by liveVarOf<Int?>(null)
section {
  /* ... no changes ... */
}.run {
  result = doNetworkFetchAndExpensiveCalculation()
}

And done! Fewer lines and less error pone.

Here's another example, showing how you can use run and a LiveVar to render a progress bar:

// Prints something like: [****------]
val BAR_LENGTH = 10
var numFilledSegments by liveVarOf(0)
section {
  text("[")
  for (i in 0 until BAR_LENGTH) {
    text(if (i < numFilledSegments) "*" else "-")
  }
  text("]")
}.run {
  var percent = 0
  while (percent < 100) {
    delay(Random.nextLong(10, 100))
    percent += Random.nextInt(1,5)
    numFilledSegments = ((percent / 100f) * BAR_LENGTH).roundToInt()
  }
}

LiveList

Similar to LiveVar, a LiveList is a reactive primitive which, when modified by having elements added to or removed from it, causes a rerender to happen automatically.

You don't need to use the by keyword with LiveList. Instead, within a session, just assign a variable to the result of the liveListOf method:

val fileWalker = FileWalker(".") // This class doesn't exist but just pretend for this example...
val fileMatches = liveListOf<String>()
section {
  textLine("Matches found so far:")
  if (fileMatches.isNotEmpty()) {
    for (match in fileMatches) {
      textLine(" - $match")
    }
  }
  else {
    textLine("No matches so far...")
  }
}.run {
  fileWalker.findFiles("*.txt") { file ->
    fileMatches += file.name
  }
}

The LiveList class is thread safe, but you can still run into trouble if you access multiple values on the list one after the other, as a lock is released between each check. It's always possible that modifying the first property will kick off a new render which will start before the additional values are set, in other words.

To handle this, you can use the LiveList#withWriteLock method:

val fileWalker = FileWalker(".")
val last10Matches = liveListOf<String>()
section {
  /* ... */
}.run {
  fileWalker.findFiles("*.txt") { file ->
    last10Matches.withWriteLock {
      add(file.name)
      if (size > 10) { removeAt(0) }
    }
  }
}

The general rule of thumb is: use withWriteLock if you want to modify more than one property from the list at the same time within your run block.

Note that you don't have to worry about locking within a section { ... } block. Data access is already locked for you in that context.

Other Collections

In addition to LiveList, Kotter also provides LiveMap and LiveSet. There's no need to extensively document these classes here as much of the earlier LiveList section applies to them as well. It's just the data structure that is different.

You can create these classes using liveMapOf(...) and liveSetOf(...), respectfully.

Signals and waiting

A common pattern is for the run block to wait for some sort of signal before finishing, e.g. in response to some event. You could always use a general threading trick for this, such as a CountDownLatch or a CompletableDeffered<Unit> to stop the block from finishing until you're ready:

val fileDownloader = FileDownloader("...")
section {
  /* ... */
}.run {
  val finished = CompletableDeffered<Unit>()
  fileDownloader.onFinished += { finished.complete(Unit) }
  fileDownloader.start()
  finished.await()
}

but, for convenience, Kotter provides the signal and waitForSignal methods, which do this for you.

val fileDownloader = FileDownloader("...")
section {
  /* ... */
}.run {
  fileDownloader.onFinished += { signal() }
  fileDownloader.start()
  waitForSignal()
}

These methods are enough in most cases. Note that if you call signal before you reach waitForSignal, then waitForSignal will just pass through without stopping.

There's also a convenience runUntilSignal method you can use, within which you don't need to call waitForSignal yourself, since this case is so common:

val fileDownloader = FileDownloader("...")
section {
  /* ... */
}.runUntilSignal {
  fileDownloader.onFinished += { signal() }
  fileDownloader.start()
}

⌨️ User input

Typed input

Kotter consumes keypresses, so as the user types into the console, nothing will show up unless you intentionally print it. You can easily do this using the input method, which handles listening to kepresses and adding text into your section at that location:

section {
  // `input` is a method that inserts any user input typed so far in place where it is called.
  // Your section block will automatically rerender when its value changes.
  text("Please enter your name: "); input()
}.run { /* ... */ }

The input method automatically adds a cursor for you. It also handles keys like LEFT/RIGHT and HOME/END, moving the cursor back and forth between the bounds of the input string.

You can intercept input as it is typed using the onInputChanged event:

section {
  text("Please enter your name: "); input()
}.run {
  onInputChanged {
    input = input.toUpperCase()
  }
  /* ... */
}

You can also use the rejectInput method to return your input to the previous (presumably valid) state.

section {
  text("Please enter your name: "); input()
}.run {
  onInputChanged {
    if (input.any { !it.isLetter() }) { rejectInput() }
    // Would also work: input = input.filter { it.isLetter() }
    // although oftren `rejectInput()` specifies your intention more clearly
  }
  /* ... */
}

To handle when the user presses the ENTER key, use the onInputEntered event. You can use it in conjunction with the onInputChanged event we just discussed:

var name = ""
section {
  text("Please enter your name: "); input()
}.runUntilSignal {
  onInputChanged { input = input.filter { it.isLetter() } }
  onInputEntered { name = input; signal() }
}

Above, we've indicated that we want to close the section when the user presses ENTER. Since this is actually a fairly common case, Kotter provides runUntilInputEntered for your convenience. Using it, we can simplify the above example a bit, typing fewer characters for identical behavior and expressing clearer intention:

var name = ""
section {
  text("Please enter your name: "); input()
}.runUntilInputEntered {
  onInputChanged { input = input.filter { it.isLetter() } }
  onInputEntered { name = input }
}

Input Completions

You can pass in an InputCompleter implementation to input that can generate suggestions based on the current input. The user can press RIGHT at any time to autocomplete any suggestions shown to them.

Here's the interface (with some parts elided for simplicity):

interface InputCompleter {
    fun complete(input: String): String?
}

input(object : InputCompleter {
    override fun complete(input: String): String? { /* ... */ }
})

Perhaps you have a database of names in your program? You can use it to provide suggestions. If your implementation returns null, that means no suggestion was found:

object : InputCompleter {
  override fun complete(input: String): String? {
      return names
          .firstOrNull { it.startsWith(input) }
          ?.let { it.drop(input.length) }
    // ^ Don't return the whole word; just the part that comes after the user's input so far.
  }
}

Kotter provides a very useful implementation out of the box, called Completions, which lets you specify a list of values that will be autocompleted as long as the user's input matches one of them.

section {
  text("Continue? "); input(Completions("yes", "no"))
}.run()

Order matters! If nothing is typed, the first completion will be suggested. If multiple values match, the one earliest in the list will be suggested.

Keypresses

If you're interested in specific keypresses and not simply input that's been typed in, you can register a listener to the onKeyPressed event:

section {
  textLine("Press Q to quit")
  /* ... */
}.run {
  var quit = false
  onKeyPressed {
    when(key) {
      Keys.Q -> quit = true
    }
  }

  while (!quit) {
    delay(16)
    /* ... */
  }
}

For convenience, there's also a runUntilKeyPressed method you can use to help with patterns like the above. It can be nice, for example, to let the user press Q to quit your application:

section {
  textLine("Press Q to quit")
  /* ... */
}.runUntilKeyPressed(Keys.Q) {
  while (true) {
    delay(16)
    /* ... */
  }
}

⏳ Timers

Kotter can manage a set of timers for you. Use the addTimer method in your run block to add some:

section {
  /* ... */
}.runUntilSignal {
  addTimer(Duration.ofMillis(500)) {
    println("500ms passed!")
    signal()
  }
}

You can create a repeating timer by passing in repeat = true to the method. And if you want to stop it from repeating at some point, set repeat = false inside the timer block when it is triggered:

val BLINK_TOTAL_LEN = Duration.ofSeconds(5)
val BLINK_LEN = Duration.ofMillis(250)
var blinkOn by liveVarOf(false)
section {
  scopedState {
    if (blinkOn) invert()
    textLine("This line will blink for ${BLINK_TOTAL_LEN.toSeconds()} seconds")
  }

}.run {
  var blinkCount = BLINK_TOTAL_LEN.toMillis() / BLINK_LEN.toMillis()
  addTimer(BLINK_LEN, repeat = true) {
    blinkOn = !blinkOn
    blinkCount--
    if (blinkCount == 0L) {
      repeat = false
    }
  }
  /* ... */
}

With timers running, it's possible your run block will exit while things are in a state you didn't intend (e.g. in the above example with the blink effect still on). You should use the onFinishing event to handle this case:

var blinkOn by liveVarOf(false)
section {
  /* ... */
}.onFinishing {
  blinkOn = false // Because user might press Q while the blinking state was on
}.runUntilKeyPressed(Keys.Q) {
  addTimer(Duration.ofMillis(250), repeat = true) { blinkOn = !blinkOn }
  /* ... */
}

Note: Unlike all the other events we discussed earlier, onFinishing is registered directly against the underlying section and not inside the run block, because it is actually triggered AFTER the run pass is finished but before the block is torn down.

onFinishing will only run after all timers are stopped, so you don't have to worry about setting a value that an errant timer will clobber later.

🎥 Animations

Animations make a huge difference for how the user experiences your application, so Kotter strives to make it trivial to add them into your program.

Text Animation

You can easily create quick animations by calling textAnimOf:

var finished = false
val spinnerAnim = textAnimOf(listOf("\\", "|", "/", "-"), Duration.ofMillis(125))
val thinkingAnim = textAnimOf(listOf("", ".", "..", "..."), Duration.ofMillis(500))
section {
  if (!finished) { text(spinnerAnim) } else { text("✓") }
  text(" Searching for files")
  if (!finished) { text(thinkingAnim) } else { text("... Done!") }
}.run {
  doExpensiveFileSearching()
  finished = true
}

When you reference an animation in a render for the first time, it kickstarts a timer automatically for you. In other words, all you have to do is treat your animation instance as if it were a string, and Kotter takes care of the rest!

Text animation templates

If you have an animation that you want to share in a bunch of places, you can create a template for it and instantiate instances from the template. TextAnim.Template takes exactly the same arguments as the textAnimOf method:

val SPINNER_TEMPATE = TextAnim.Template(listOf("\\", "|", "/", "-"), Duration.ofMillis(250))

val spinners = (1..10).map { textAnimOf(SPINNER_TEMPLATE) }
/* ... */

Render animations

If you need a bit more power than text animations, you can use a render animation instead. You create one with a callback that is given a frame index and access to the current render scope. You can interpret the frame index however you want and use the render scope to call any of Kotter's text rendering methods that you need.

Declare a render animation using the renderAnimOf method and then invoke the result inside your render block:

val exampleAnim = renderAnimOf(numFrames = 5, Duration.ofMillis(250)) { i -> /* ... */ }
section {
  // Call your render animation passing in the section block (i.e. `this`) as a parameter
  exampleAnim(this)
  /* ... */
}

For example, let's say we want to rotate through a list of colors and apply those to some text. Text animations only deal with raw text and don't have access to text effects like colors and styles, so we can't use them here, but we can accomplish these easily using a render animation and the color(Color) method:

// Note: `Color` is a Kotter enum that enumerates all the standard colors it supports

val colorAnim = renderAnimOf(Color.values().size, Duration.ofMillis(250)) { i ->
  color(Color.values()[i])
}
section {
  colorAnim(this) // Side-effect: sets the color for this section
  text("RAINBOW")
}.runUntilSignal { /* ... */ }

One-shot animations

Both text and render animations can be created with a looping parameter set to false, if you only want them to run once and stop:

val arrow = "=============>"

val wipeRightAnim = renderAnimOf(
  arrow.length + 1, // `length + 1` because empty string is also a frame
  Duration.ofMillis(40),
  looping = false
) { frameIndex ->
  textLine(arrow.take(frameIndex))
}

section {
  text("Go this way: "); wipeRightAnim(this)
}.runUntilSignal {
  // Give the animation time to complete:
  addTimer(wipeRightAnim.totalDuration) { signal() }
}

You can restart a one-shot animation by setting its currFrame property back to 0.

📥 Offscreen

Occasionally, when you want to render some marked up text, you'll wish you could measure it first, for example allowing you to pad both sides of each line with spaces to center everything, or putting the right count of "=" characters above and below a block of text to give it a sort of header effect. But by the time you've rendered something out, then it's too late!

offscreen to the rescue. You can think of offscreen as a temporary buffer to render to, after which you can both query it and control when it actually renders to the screen.

offscreen returns a buffer, which is a read-only view of the content. You can query its raw text or line lengths, for example. To render it, you need to call offscreen.createRenderer and then use renderer.renderNextRow to render out each line at a time.

Here, we use offscreen to render the header effect described above:

section {
  val buffer = offscreen {
    textLine("Multi-line"); textLine("Header"); textLine("Example")
  }
  val headerLen = buffer.lineLengths.maxOrNull() ?: 0
  val renderer = buffer.createRenderer()
  repeat(headerLen) { text('=') }; textLine()
  while (renderer.hasNextRow()) {
    renderer.renderNextRow()
    textLine()
  }
  repeat(headerLen) { text('=') }; textLine()
}.run()

Note: Although you usually won't need to, you can create multiple renderers, each which manages its own state for what row to render out next.

One nice thing about the offscreen buffer is it manages its own local state, and while it originally inherits its parent scope's state, any changes you make within the offscreen buffer will be remembered to its end.

This is easier seen than described. The following example:

section {
  val buffer = offscreen {
    textLine("Inherited color (red)")
    cyan()
    textLine("Local color (cyan)")
    textLine("Still blue")
  }

  val renderer = buffer.createRenderer()
  red()
  while (renderer.hasNextRow()) {
    text("red -- "); renderer.renderNextRow(); textLine(" -- red")
  }
}.run()

will render:

The driving motivation for adding offscreen buffers was to be able to easily add borders around any block of text, where the border might be a different color than its contents. So when this functionality went in, we also added the bordered method (link to example).

If you want to implement your own utility method that uses offscreen under the hood, you can check bordered's implementation yourself to see how it delegates to offscreen, padding each row with the right number of spaces so that the border sides all line up.

📤 Aside

You can actually make one-off render requests directly inside a run block:

section {
    /* ... */
}.run {
    aside {
        textLine("Hello from an aside block")
    }
}

which will output text directly before the active section.

In order to understand aside blocks, you should start to think of Kotter output as two parts -- some static history, and a dynamic, active area at the bottom. The static history will never change, while the active area will be written and cleared and rewritten over and over and over again as needed.

In general, a section is active until it is finished running, at which point it becomes static history, and the next section becomes active. You can almost think about consuming an active section, which freezes it after one final render, at which point it becomes static.

In fact, it's a common pattern to get static instructions out of the way first, in its own section, so we don't waste time rerendering them over and over in the main block:

session {
  // The following instructions are static, just render them immediately
  section {
    textLine("Press arrow keys to move")
    textLine("Press R to restart")
    textLine("Press Q to quit")
    textLine()
  }.run()

  section {
    /* ... constantly rerendered lines ... */
  }.runUntilKeyPressed(Keys.Q) { /* ... */ }
}

Occasionally, however, you want to generate static history while a block is still active.

Let's revisit an example from above, our FileWalker demo which searched a list of files and added every matching result to a list. We can, instead, put a spinner in the active section and use the aside block to output matches:

val fileWalker = FileWalker(".")
var isFinished by liveVarOf(false)
val searchingAnim = textAnimOf(listOf("", ".", "..", "..."), Duration.ofMillis(500))
section {
  textLine()
  if (!isFinished) {
      textLine("Searching$searchingAnim")
  }
  else {
      textLine("Finished searching")
  }
}.run {
  aside {
    textLine("Matches found so far:")
    textLine()
  }

  fileWalker.findFiles("*.txt") { file ->
    aside { textLine(" - ${file.name}") }
  }
  isFinished = true
}

🎓 Advanced

🔨 "Extending" Kotter

Kotter aims to provide all the primitives you need to write dynamic, interactive console applications, such as textLine, input, offscreen, aside, onKeyPressed, etc.

But we may have missed your use case, or maybe you just want to refactor out some logic to share across sections. This is totally doable, but it requires writing extension methods against the correct receiving classes. At this point, we need to discuss the framework in a bit more detail than beginners need to know.

For reference, you should also look at the extend sample project, which was written to demonstrate some of the concepts that will be discussed here.

Scopes

Before continuing, let's look at the overview of a Kotter application. The following may look a bit complex at first glance, but don't worry as the remaining subsections will break it down:

┌───────── session {
│ ┌─┬─────   section {
│ │ │           ...
│ │ 3a┌───      offscreen {
│ │ │ 3b           ...
│ │ │ └───      }
│ │ └─────   }.onFinished {
1 2             ...
│ │ ┌─────   }.run {
│ │ │           ...
│ │ 4 ┌───      aside {
│ │ │ 3c           ...
│ │ │ └───      }
│ └─┴─────   }
└───────── }

1 - Session

┌─ session {
│    section {
│      ...
│    }.run {
│      ...
│    }
└─ }

The top level of your whole application. Session owns a data: ConcurrentScopedData field which we'll talk more about a little later. However, it's worth understanding that data lives inside a session, although many scopes additionally expose it themselves. Any time you see some Kotter code interacting with a data field, it is really pointing back to this singular one.

Session is the scope you need when you want to call liveVarOf or liveListOf, or even to declare a section:

fun Session.firstSection() {
  var name by liveVarOf("")
  var age by liveVarOf(18)
  section { /* ... */ }.run { /* ... */ }
}

fun Session.secondSection() { /* ... */ }
fun Session.thirdSection() { /* ... */ }

// Later ...

session {
  firstSection()
  secondSection()
  thirdSection()
}

2 - Section

┌─ section {
│    ...
│  }.run {
│    ...
└─ }

Unlike Session, you shouldn't ever need to add an extension method on top of a Section. This is because its section { ... } block and its run { ... } block both receive different scope classes as their receiver classes.

It is those scope classes you usually will want to extend. These are discussed next.

3 - RenderScope

3a
┌─ section {
│    ...
└─ }

3b
┌─ offscreen {
│    ...
└─ }

3c
┌─ aside {
│    ...
└─ }

This scope represents a render pass. This is the scope that owns textLine, red, green, bold, underline, and other text rendering methods.

This can be a useful scope for extracting out a common text rendering pattern. For example, let's say you wanted to display a bunch of terminal commands and their arguments, and you want to highlight the command a particular color, e.g. cyan:

section {
  cyan { text("cd") }; textLine(" /path/to/code")
  cyan { text("git") }; textLine(" init")
}

That can get a bit repetitive. Plus, if you decide to change the color later, or maybe bold the command part, you'd have to do it all over the place. Also, putting the logic behind a function can help you express your intention more clearly.

Let's refactor it!

fun RenderScope.shellCommand(command: String, arg: String) {
  cyan { text(command) }; textLine(" $arg")
}

section {
  shellCommand("cd", "/path/to/code")
  shellCommand("git", "init")
}

Much better!

On its surface, the concept of a RenderScope seems pretty straightforward, but the gotcha is that Kotter offers a few separate areas that accept render blocks. In addition to the main rendering block, there are also offscreen and aside blocks, which allow rendering to different targets (these are discussed earlier in the README in case you aren't familiar with them here).

Occasionally, you may want to define an extension method that only applies to one of the three blocks (usually the main one). In order to narrow down the place your helper method will appear in, you can use MainRenderScope (3a), OffscreenRenderScope (3b), and/or AsideRenderScope (3c) as your method receiver instead of just RenderScope.

For example, the input() method doesn't make sense in an offscreen or aside context (as those aren't interactive). Therefore, its definition looks like fun MainRenderScope.input(...) { ... }

4 - RunScope

   section {
     ...
┌─ }.run {
│    ...
└─ }

RunScope is used for run blocks. It's useful for extracting logic that deals with handling user input or long-running tasks. Functions like onKeyPressed, onInputChanged, addTimer etc. are defined on top of this scope.

fun RunScope.exec(vararg command: String) {
  val process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(*command)
  process.waitFor()
}

section {
    textLine("Please wait, cloning the repo...")
}.run {
  exec("git", "clone", "https://github.com/varabyte/kotter.git")
  /* ... */
}

SectionScope

To close off all this scope discussion, it's worth mentioning that a SectionScope interface exists. It is the base interface to both RenderScope AND a RunScope, and using it can allow you to define the occasional helper method that can be called from both of them.

ConcurrentScopedData

The one thing that all scopes have in common is they expose access to a session's data field. OK, but what is it?

ConcurrentScopedData is a thread-safe hashmap, where the keys are always of type ConcurrentScopedData.Key<T>, and such keys are associated with a ConcurrentScopedData.Lifecycle (meaning that any data you register into the map will always be released when some parent lifecycle ends, unless you remove it yourself manually first).

Kotter itself manages four lifecycles: Session.Lifecycle, Section.Lifecycle, MainRenderScope.Lifecycle, and Run.Lifecycle (each associated with the scopes discussed above).

Note: No lifecycles are provided for offscreen or aside blocks at the moment. Feel free to open up an issue with a use-case requiring additional lifecycles if you run into one.

Keep in mind that the MainRenderScope.Lifecycle dies after a single render pass. Almost always you want to tie data to Section.Lifecycle, as it survives across multiple runs.

Nothing prevents you from defining your own lifecycle - just be sure to call data.start(...) and data.stop(...) with it.

  object MyLifecycle : ConcurrentScopedData.Lifecycle
  private val MySetting = MyLifecycle.createKey<Boolean>()

  try {
    data.start(MyLifecycle)
    data[MySetting] = true
  } finally {
    data.stop(MyLifecycle)
  }

Lifecycles can be defined as subordinate to other lifecycles, so if you create a lifecycle that is tied to the Run lifecycle for example, then you don't need to explicitly call stop yourself (but you still need to call start).

  object MyLifecycle : ConcurrentScopedData.Lifecycle {
    override val parent = Run.Lifecycle
  }

  section { /* ... */ }.run {
    data.start(MyLifecycle) // Will be stopped when the run block finishes
  }

You can review the ConcurrentScopedData class for its full list of documented API calls, but the three common ways to add values to it are:

• always overwrite: data[key] = value
• add if first time: data.tryPut(key, value) // returns true if added, false otherwise
• add if first time but always run some follow-up logic:
  data.putIfAbsent(key, provideInitialValue = { value }) { ... logic using value ... }
  
  • This is essentially a shortcut for calling tryPut and then getting the value, but doing so in a way that ensures no one else grabs the thread from you in between.

By having a session own and expose such a data structure, it makes it possible for anyone to write their own extension methods on top of Kotter, using data as a way to manage long-lived state. For example, input(), which may get called many times in a row as the section rerenders, can distinguish the first time it is called from later calls based on whether some value is present in the data cache or not.

To close this section, we just wanted to say that it was very tempting at first to create a bunch of hardcoded functions baked inside Section, MainRenderScope, etc., with access to some private state, but implementing everything through ConcurrentScopedData plus extension methods ensured that we were using the same tools as users.

So go forth, and extend Kotter!

🧵 Thread Affinity

Sections are rendered sequentially on a single render thread. Anytime you see a section { ... }, no matter which thread it is called from, a single thread ultimately handles it. However, if you use two threads to attempt to run one section while another is already running, an exception is thrown.

The run block runs in place on the thread that called it. In this way, progress is prevented until the run logic finishes running.

I made the decision to lock section rendering down so that:

• I don't have to worry about multiple sections printlning at the same time - who likes clobbered text?
• Kotter handles repainting by moving the terminal cursor around, which would fail horribly if multiple sections tried doing this at the same time.
• Kotter embraces the idea of a dynamic, active section preceded by a bunch of static history. If two dynamic blocks wanted to be active at the same time, what would that even mean?

In practice, I expect this decision won't be an issue for most users. Command line apps are expected to have a main flow anyway -- ask the user a question, do some work, then ask another question, etc. It is expected that a user won't ever even need to call section from more than one thread. It is hoped that the

session {
  section { /* ... render thread ... */ }.run { /* ... current thread ... */ }
  section { /* ... render thread ... */ }.run { /* ... current thread ... */ }
  section { /* ... render thread ... */ }.run { /* ... current thread ... */ }
}

pattern (just calling sections one after another on a single thread) is powerful enough for most (all?) cases.

🖥️ Virtual Terminal

It's not guaranteed that every user's command line setup supports ANSI. For example, debugging this project with IntelliJ as well as running within Gradle are two such environments where functionality isn't available! According to many online reports, some legacy terminals on Windows are also an offender here.

Kotter will attempt to detect if your console does not support the features it uses, and if not, it will open up a virtual terminal instead. This fallback gives your application better cross-platform support.

To modify the logic to ALWAYS open the virtual terminal, you can set the terminal parameter in session like this:

session(terminal = VirtualTerminal.create()) {
  section { /* ... */ }
  /* ... */
}

or you can chain multiple factory methods together using the firstSuccess method, which will try to start each terminal type in turn:

session(
  terminal = listOf(
    { SystemTerminal() },
    { VirtualTerminal.create(title = "My App", terminalSize = Dimension(30, 30)) },
  ).firstSuccess()
) {
  /* ... */
}

🤷 Why Not Compose / Mosaic?

Kotter's API is inspired by Compose, which astute readers may have already noticed -- it has a core block which gets rerun for you automatically as necessary without you having to worry about it, and special state variables which, when modified, automatically "recompose" the current console block. Why not just use Compose directly?

In fact, this is exactly what Jake Wharton's Mosaic is doing. Actually, I tried using it first but ultimately decided against it before deciding to write Kotter, for the following reasons:

• Compose is tightly tied to the current Kotlin compiler version, which means if you are targeting a particular version of the Kotlin language, you can easily see the dreaded error message: This version (x.y.z) of the Compose Compiler requires Kotlin version a.b.c but you appear to be using Kotlin version d.e.f which is not known to be compatible.

  • Using Kotlin v1.3 or older for some reason? You're out of luck.
  • Want to upgrade Kotlin without updating Kotter? You're out of luck.
  • Want to update Kotter without also upgrading Kotlin? You might be out of luck.

• Compose is great for rendering a whole, interactive UI, but console printing is often two parts: the active part that the user is interacting with, and the history, which is static. To support this with Compose, you'd need to manage the history list yourself and keep appending to it, which would be a waste of render cycles and memory when you could just lean on the console to do it. It was while thinking about an API that addressed this limitation that I envisioned Kotter.

  • For a concrete example, see the compiler demo. A compiler might generate hundreds (or thousands!) of history lines. We definitely don't want to rerender all of those every frame.

• Compose encourages using a set of powerful layout primitives, namely Box, Column, and Row, with margins and shapes and layers. Command line apps don't really need this level of power, however.

• Compose has a lot of strengths built around, well, composing methods! But for a simple CLI library, being able to focus on simple render blocks that don't nest at all allowed a more pared down API to emerge.

• Compose does a lot of nice tricks due to the fact it is ultimately a compiler plugin, but it is interesting to see what the API could look like with no magic at all (although, admittedly, with some features sacrificed).

• Mosaic doesn't support input well yet (at the time of writing this README, but maybe this has changed in the future). For example, compare Mosaic to Kotter.

Mosaic comparison

Mosaic and Kotter programs look very similar, but they are organized slightly differently. Instead of Compose, where you have a single code block where values, layout, and logic are combined (with judicious use of remember and LaunchedEffect), in Kotter you tend to have three separate areas for these concepts: before a section, a section block, and a run block.

// Mosaic
runMosaic {
  var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) }
  Text("The count is: $count")

  LaunchedEffect(null) {
    for (i in 1..20) {
      delay(250)
      count++
    }
  }
}

// Kotter
session {
  var count by liveVarOf(0)
  section {
    textLine("The count is: $count")
  }.run {
    for (i in 1..20) {
      delay(250)
      count++
    }
  }
}

Comparisons with Mosaic are included in the examples/mosaic folder.