Recommendations for Engineers
All of my recommendations for aspiring engineers in a single place, coming from various areas of interest. The principal scope supports data science
, programming
, python
, math
, cybersecurity
, business
, and productivity
.
The list also aggregates and extends most of the suggestions from my blog posts, where some of the entries come from a different language (
Inspired by the awesome list thing.
Contents
🌐 Blogs📚 Books💾 Browser Extensions💼 Business👾 Cybersecurity📊 Data Science🎨 Design📆 Events📰 IT News🧠 Learning🐧 Linux🍎 macOS➗ Math📱 Mobile Apps🎶 Music📧 Newsletters🎧 Podcasts⏲ Productivity👨💻 Programming🛫 Travel🖥 Windows✍ Writing/Research📼 YouTube Channels- 🤷 Other
🌐 Blogs
It's best to collect all your favourite sites into a news aggregator like Feedly.
You can also discover more tech blogs with Blogging for Devs.
business
- Gary Vaynerchuk <--- business/motivation oriented blog
- Grant Cardone <--- business/motivation oriented blog
- I Will Teach You To Be Rich
- Kopywriting Kourse <--- improve your writing
- Neil Patel <--- digital marketing blog
- Social Media Examiner <--- guide to social media
cybersecurity
- Gynvael Coldwind <--- blog of a programmer enthusiast with a passion for computer security and low-level aspects of computer science
- KitPloit <--- pentest & hacking tools
- Latest Hacking News <--- latest cybersecurity news
- LiveOverflow <--- blog of a security professional who shares free IT security videos on YouTube
- mr.d0x <--- red team & security research notes
- Niebezpiecznik (
🇵🇱 ) <--- most popular Polish blog on cybersecurity - Paged Out! <--- free magazine on programming with a focus on hacking
- Security Through Education <--- blog on human engineering
- Sekurak (
🇵🇱 ) <--- for more technical profiles - The Hacker News <--- latest cybersecurity news
- Zaufana Trzecia Strona (
🇵🇱 )
data science
- Analytics Vidhya <--- analytics and big data
- Andrej Karpathy <--- blog of AI director at Tesla
- Becoming Human <--- exploring AI & what it means to be human
- Biznes Myśli (
🇵🇱 ) <--- AI in business - Brilliantly wrong <--- math, machine learning, programming, physics and biology
- Business Science <--- general blog on DS with many courses
- Catbug88's Blog <--- cognitive science, social science, data science, machine learning
- colah's blog <--- great explanations of more advanced topics
- Datafloq <--- big data news
- DataGenetics <--- data decoded, value unlocked
- David Does Data <--- high-quality posts from aspiring data scientist
- Dawid Kopczyk <--- using ML and quantum physics
- deepsense.ai <--- blog from a team of business-oriented problem solvers
- Distill <--- interactive, visual journal for machine learning research
- Econometrics and Free Software <--- blog focused on R from the economist holding a PhD
- FlowingData <--- blog on data visualisation
- Go Practice <--- essays on how data helps building and growing products
- Information is Beautiful <--- see it with your own eyes
- Jak badać dane (
🇵🇱 ) <--- data, ML, AI - Jay Alammar <--- blog with lots of simple ML visualisations
- luminousmen <--- short posts on ML/Python
- Łukasz Prokulski (
🇵🇱 ) <--- lots of data use cases with step by step analysis in R - Machine Learning Mastery <--- popular blog on ML with lots of content to learn from
- Mateusz Grzyb (
🇵🇱 ) <--- data analysis in Python - Peter Laurinec <--- time series data mining in R from a PhD researcher
- Piotr Migdał <--- write-ups from an independent data science consultant, with PhD in quantum physics
- PyImageSearch <--- be awesome at OpenCV, Python, deep learning, and computer vision
- Python⇒Speed <--- learn tools and techniques to help you ship better Python software, faster
- Rubik's Code <--- AI without tears
- Simply Statistics <--- blog on data visualisation
- Thomas Neitmann <--- blog of an R enthusiast
- Towards Data Science <--- Medium for data science
- Victor Zhou <--- blog about web development, machine learning, and more
general
- Andy Matuschak <--- read and learn about learning, quantum computing, math, software development, and more
- Gwern <--- the content varies mostly between psychology, statistics, and technology
- Medium <--- popular blogging platform
- Our World in Data <--- research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems
- Reddit <--- front page of the Internet (tip: browse by subreddits, not the main site)
- vas3k <--- one of the most "quality over quantity" tech blogs you can find on the Internet
- Wait But Why <--- great reading time guaranteed
math
- Blobs in Games <--- interactive explanations of math and computer science topics
- Math = Love
- Math for Love
- Math with Bad Drawings
- Recommended Math Books <--- set of books recommended by different levels/topics
programming
- beepb00p <--- inspirational blogger building various things
- Code Without Rules <--- helping you become a productive programmer and get work/life balance
- Coding Horror <--- programming and human factors
- DEV Community <--- popular blogging platform for developers
- Devstyle (
🇵🇱 ) <--- blog for every programmer - Discover dev <--- daily digest of the best engineering blogs from across the web
- Hacker Noon <--- great stories by real tech professionals
- Product Hunt <--- discover the best new products in tech
- Stack Overflow Blog <--- essays, opinions, and advice on the act of computer programming
- Tania Rascia <--- visually pleasing blog about modern JavaScript, Node.js, design and web development
- Tushar's Blog <--- exceptional Python focused blog
📚 Books
For more, visit my bookshelf on Goodreads.
biographies
- Can't Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds
- Einstein: His Life and Universe
- Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Permanent Record
- Steve Jobs
- Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character
- The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon
- Total Recall: My Unbelievably True Life Story
business
- Actionable Gamification: Beyond Points, Badges, and Leaderboards
- Anything You Want
- Async Remote
- DotCom Secrets: The Underground Playbook for Growing Your Company Online
- Finansowy Ninja (
🇵🇱 ) - How to Get Rich
- If You're Not First, You're Last: Sales Strategies to Dominate Your Market and Beat Your Competition
- Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It
- Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence
- Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
- The $100 Startup: Reinvent the Way You Make a Living, Do What You Love, and Create a New Future
- The 10X Rule: The Only Difference Between Success and Failure
- The Boron Letters
- The E-Myth Revisited: Why Most Small Businesses Don't Work and What to Do About It
- The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement
- The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers
- The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses
- The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution
- The Millionaire Fastlane: Crack the Code to Wealth and Live Rich for a Lifetime!
- The Outsiders: Eight Unconventional CEOs and Their Radically Rational Blueprint for Success
- The Personal MBA: Master the Art of Business
- Think and Grow Rich (Impact Books): With linked Table of Contents
- Tools of Titans: The Tactics, Routines, and Habits of Billionaires, Icons, and World-Class Performers
cybersecurity
- Bezpieczeństwo aplikacji webowych (
🇵🇱 ) - Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters
- Hacking, 2nd Edition: The Art of Exploitation
- Machine Learning and Security: Protecting Systems with Data and Algorithms
- Penetration Testing: A Hands-On Introduction to Hacking
- Practical Cryptography for Developers
- Practical Malware Analysis: The Hands-On Guide to Dissecting Malicious Software
- Serious Cryptography: A Practical Introduction to Modern Encryption
- Silence on the Wire: A Field Guide to Passive Reconnaissance and Indirect Attacks
- The Tangled Web: A Guide to Securing Modern Web Applications
data science
- Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
- Data Science for Business: What you need to know about data mining and data-analytic thinking
- Deep Learning
- Deep Learning from Scratch: Building with Python from First Principles
- Deep Learning with JavaScript: Neural networks in TensorFlow.js
- Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems
- Discovering Statistics Using R
- Dive into Deep Learning
- Generative Deep Learning: Teaching Machines to Paint, Write, Compose, and Play
- Machine Learning Engineering
- Machine Learning Yearning: Technical Strategy for AI Engineers, In the Era of Deep Learning
- Natural Language Processing in Action
- Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
- Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
- R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data
- Storytelling with Data: A Data Visualization Guide for Business Professionals
- Strengthening Deep Neural Networks: Making AI Less Susceptible to Adversarial Trickery
- The Hundred-Page Machine Learning Book
- Tinyml: Machine Learning with Tensorflow Lite on Arduino and Ultra-Low-Power Microcontrollers
data tools
- Automate the Boring Stuff with Python, 2nd Edition: Practical Programming for Total Beginners
- Data Analysis with Open Source Tools: A Hands-On Guide for Programmers and Data Scientists
- Deep Learning for Computer Vision with Python — Practitioner Bundle
- Elements of Programming Interviews in Python: The Insiders' Guide
- Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems
- Pandas Cookbook
- Practical Python and OpenCV
- Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming
- Python Data Science Handbook: Essential Tools for Working with Data
- Python Machine Learning: Machine Learning and Deep Learning with Python, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow, 2nd Edition
- Python Tricks: A Buffet of Awesome Python Features
- The Book of R: A First Course in Programming and Statistics
devops/mlops
- Building Microservices
- Data Science on AWS: Implementing End-to-End, Continuous AI and Machine Learning Pipelines
- Introducing Mlops: How to Scale Machine Learning in the Enterprise
- Machine Learning Design Patterns: Solutions to Common Challenges in Data Preparation, Model Building, and MLOps
health
- How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease
- The Obesity Code: unlocking the secrets of weight loss
- Why We Get Fat: And What to Do About It
- Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams
- Zen in the Art of Archery
math
- A History of Pi
- An Imaginary Tale: The Story of i [the square root of minus one]
- An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R
- Journey through Genius: The Great Theorems of Mathematics
- Mathematics for Machine Learning
- Measurement
- Prelude to Mathematics
- Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics
- Proofs from THE BOOK
- The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Second Edition
- The Joy of x: A Guided Tour of Math, from One to Infinity
- What Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods
personal development
- A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy
- Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions
- A Mind for Numbers: How to Excel at Math and Science
- Atomic Habits: An Easy and Proven Way to Build Good Habits and Break Bad Ones
- Driven to Distraction (Revised): Recognizing and Coping with Attention Deficit Disorder
- Fluent Forever: How to Learn Any Language Fast and Never Forget It
- How to Win Friends and Influence People
- Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
- Lying
- Make It Stick
- Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life: Life-Changing Tools for Healthy Relationships
- Outwitting the Devil: The Secret to Freedom and Success
- Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
- Seeking Wisdom: From Darwin To Munger
- The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles
- The Book of Awakening: Having the Life You Want by Being Present to the Life You Have
- The Chimp Paradox: The Acclaimed Mind Management Programme to Help You Achieve Success, Confidence and Happiness
- The Magic of Thinking Big
- The Nicomachean Ethics
- The One Thing: The Surprisingly Simple Truth Behind Extraordinary Results
- The Slight Edge: Turning Simple Disciplines into Massive Success and Happiness
- The Top Five Regrets of the Dying: A Life Transformed by the Dearly Departing
- Thinking, Fast and Slow
programming
Mostly universal (language-independent books).
- A Philosophy of Software Design
- Architecture Patterns with Python: How to Apply DDD, Ports and Adapters, and Enterprise Architecture Design Patterns in a Pythonic Way
- Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship
- Code Complete
- Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software (Developer Best Practices)
- Cracking the Coding Interview: 189 Programming Questions and Solutions
- Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software
- Dive Into Design Patterns
- Don't Make Me Think, Revisited: A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability
- Elements of Programming Interviews in Python: The Insiders' Guide
- Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change (The XP Series)
- Head First Design Patterns
- Implementing Domain-Driven Design
- Introduction to Algorithms (The MIT Press)
- Junior Developer. Wszystko co trzeba wiedzieć, by zacząć pracę jako programista (
🇵🇱 ) - Peopleware: Productive Projects and Teams
- Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code
- Test Driven Development: By Example
- The C Programming Language
- The C++ Programming Language (4th Edition)
- The Clean Coder: A Code of Conduct for Professional Programmers
- The Complete Software Developer's Career Guide: How to Learn Programming Languages Quickly, Ace Your Programming Interview, and Land Your Software Developer Dream Job
- The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering
- The Pragmatic Programmer
- The Self-Taught Programmer: The Definitive Guide to Programming Professionally
- Working Effectively with Legacy Code
- Zawód: Programista (
🇵🇱 ) - Zrozumieć programowanie (
🇵🇱 )
science
- AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order
- Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst
- Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do
- Brief Answers to the Big Questions
- Hacking Darwin: Genetic Engineering and the Future of Humanity
- How Smart Machines Think
- Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain
- Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
- The Ape that Understood the Universe: How the Mind and Culture Evolve
- The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
💾 Browser Extensions
- 30 seconds of knowledge <--- random code snippet every time you open a new tab
- Automa <--- automate browser by connecting blocks
- ColorZilla <--- advanced eyedropper
- Dark Reader <--- dark mode for all the websites
- Decentraleyes <--- protect yourself against tracking through "free", centralised, content delivery
- Disconnect <--- visualize and block the invisible websites that track you
- EditThisCookie <--- cookie editor
- Email Finder - GetProspect <--- find business email address in one click
- F.B.(FluffBusting)Purity <--- customise (clean) your Facebook
- Git History Browser Extension <--- add "Open in Git History" button to GitHub repos
- GitHub Repository Size <--- add repository size to GitHub's repository summary
- Github Web IDE <--- add a new drop down menu to any Github repository to browse the source code in a number of online IDEs
- Grammarly <--- very extensive tool to proofread English grammar
- HTTPS Everywhere <--- force HTTPS if possible
- Hypothesis - Web & PDF Annotation <--- open-source tool to highlight/annotate the text you read online and in the scientific papers. It's a great way to organize your research, as well as hold discussions about your annotations with other users like me
- Image Search Options <--- set of highly customizable reverse image search context menu options
- Language Learning with Netflix <--- display subtitles in both languages while watching Netflix
- LanguageTool <--- check your writing in more than 20 languages (great alternative to Grammarly)
- Modern for Wikipedia <--- redesigned user interface for Wikipedia
- Nimbus Capture <--- advanced screenshot tool for Google Chrome
- OneTab <--- save up to 95% memory by moving all open tabs into a single one in Google Chrome
- Power Thesaurus <--- find synonyms and antonyms to improve your writing
- Privacy Badger <--- block invisible trackers
- Reedy <--- speed reading with RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation) technique
- Refined Twitter <--- simplify Twitter UI and add useful features
- Return YouTube Dislike <--- return ability to see dislikes
- Session Buddy <--- manage browser sessions
- Sourcegraph <--- add code intelligence to GitHub and other code hosts
- Stylus <--- user-style manager
- Tab Resize - split screen layouts <--- resize the current tab and tabs to the right into layouts on separate windows
- Tampermonkey <--- the most popular userscript manager
- uBlock Origin <--- blocker addon (not only for ads)
- uMatrix <--- point & click to forbid/allow any class of requests made by your browser. Use it to block scripts, iframes, ads, facebook, etc.
- Unhook - Remove YouTube Recommended Videos <--- hide YouTube related videos, comments, video suggestions wall, homepage recommendations, trending tab, and other distractions
- VisBug <--- FireBug for designers - edit any webpage, in any state
- Wappalyzer <--- identify technology on websites
- Web Scrobbler <--- scrobble music all around the web, e.g. to your Last.fm account
💼 Business
remote collaboration
- Discord <--- VoIP application (my preference over Slack)
- Google Hangouts <--- remote video calls
- Hackpad <--- web-based realtime wiki (great for knowledge sharing/documentation)
- Miro <--- online collaborative whiteboard (great for remote event storming)
- Remote Work Toolkit <--- set of tools for remote work
- Trello <--- web-based Kanban-style list-making application (great for creating tickets)
tools
- ahrefs <--- research your competitors
- Bitcoin Regret Club <--- check how much would you earn/lose if you would invest into Bitcoin on the chosen date
- BuzzSumo <--- analyze what content performs best for any topic or competitor
- Calendly <--- schedule appointments
- CoSchedule <--- schedule online posts/marketing
- Cryptowatch <--- live Bitcoin price charts
- FlatGA <--- easy overview of your Google Analytics dashboard
- Google Optimize <--- free tool to perform A/B tests to analyse customers
- Investing.com <--- stock market quotes & financial news
- ODOO <--- web-based open source business apps
- Sendy <--- cheap newsletter system via Amazon SES
- Startup
- books <--- list of books to help you along your startup journey
- idea checklist <--- answer before opening a startup
- stacklist <--- list of technologies used by startups
- stash <--- curated directory of resources & tools to help you build your startup
- Tools for Makers <--- hand-curated directory of tools for makers
👾 Cybersecurity
learn
- CTFlearn <--- ethical hacking platform that enables tens of thousands to learn, practice, and compete
- CTFtime <--- CTF archive, current overall Capture The Flag team rating, per-team statistics etc.
- Google CTF <--- CTF organised by Google with different challenges to practice
- Hacker101 <--- free class for web security
- Hacksplaining <--- interactive lessons to present the most typical cybersecurity attacks. Afterwards, the site presents an extended article with the ways of how to protect ourselves from the particular vulnerability
- Hack The Box <--- online platform allowing you to test your penetration testing skills and exchange ideas and methodologies with thousands of people in the security field
- HackTricks <--- collection of hacking tricks & techniques that the author have learnt in CTFs, real life apps, and by reading researches and news
- pwn.college <--- education platform for students (and other interested parties) to learn about, and practice, core cybersecurity concepts in a hands-on fashion
- The Book of Secret Knowledge <--- collection of inspiring lists, manuals, cheatsheets, blogs, hacks, one-liners, cli/web tools and more
- TryHackMe <--- cybersecurity guides and challenges in your browser
tools
- AmIUnique <--- check your browser fingerprint
- Browserling <--- online browser sandbox
- CheckShortURL <--- shortened URL expander
- CyberChef <--- web app for encryption, encoding, compression and data analysis
- DuckDuckGo <--- find what has been hidden from you by Google
- Filecrypt <--- encrypt a link
- Firefox Relay <--- create aliases, randomly generated email addresses that forward to your real inbox
- Have I Been Pwned <--- check if you have an account that has been compromised in a data breach
- Firefox Monitor <--- the same tool from Firefox
- We Leak Info <--- data breach search engine
- Hybrid Analysis <--- analyse malware for free in the browser
- I know what you download <--- torrent downloads and distributions for chosen IP
- IP Info <--- check if your VPN leaks information
- Pi-Hole <--- adblock for the whole network (requires: router + raspberry pi)
- PrivacyTools <--- set of services, tools, and knowledge to protect your privacy
- PRISM Break <--- set of privacy tools (categorised by operating systems)
- Privacy Respecting <--- curated list of privacy respecting services and software
- Redirect Checker <--- check your redirects and statuscode
- Shodan <--- search engine of IoT
- Tails <--- privacy OS for pendrive (protects your privacy and offers all sorts of apps to do so, like Tor, Thunderbird and PGP)
- Temp Mail <--- create a temporary anonymous e-mail
- Webbkoll <--- monitor privacy-enhancing features on websites, and find out who is letting you exercise control over your privacy
- Whois <--- whois lookup
- Your social media fingerprint <--- check where you are currently logged in
📊 Data Science
Subscribe to my newsletter to find out even more inspiring stuff to help you with your analytics!
cheatsheets
My private Obsidian would be there, but I prefer to share only the most relevant content. IMPORTANT: be aware that many cheatsheets repeat false information, such as classifying logistic regression as a pure classification algorithm.
- Chris Albon <--- comprehensive notes/code snippets on using Data Science & Artificial Intelligence
- Comprehensive Python Cheatsheet <--- best Python cheatsheet I found so far
- Data Science board of my Pinterest
- Most general cheatsheet <--- in a single PDF file
- Statistical Models <--- most verified cheatsheet out there on the internet. I recommend following the author's LinkedIn account for lots of substantive discussions
datasets
- 50 Best Free Datasets for ML
- 100,000 Faces Generated by AI
- Academic Torrents
- Apollo Scape <--- RGB videos with high resolution image sequences and per pixel annotation, survey-grade dense 3D points with semantic segmentation
- Awesome Public Datasets
- AWS Public Datasets
- Berkeley DeepDrive BDD100k <--- 100,000 HD video sequences of over 1,100-hour driving experience across many different times in the day, weather conditions, and driving scenarios. Video sequences also include GPS locations, IMU data, and timestamps
- Caffe2
- Common Voice <--- dataset of voices that everyone can use to train speech-enabled applications
- CORGIS <--- datasets for beginners
- DataHub <--- easiest way to find, share and publish datasets online
- Datasets for machine learning <--- huge list (CV/NLP/Audio)
- Datasets for mind reading (dataset is still available here with a CRCNS account) <--- fancy, huh?
- FiveThirtyEight <--- economics, sports, politics
- Goodbooks-10k <--- new dataset for book recommendations
- Google BigQuery <--- public datasets from Google
- Google Dataset Search <--- search engine of datasets from Google
- Grouplens datasets
- HealthData <--- high value health data
- How readers browse Wikipedia
- Kaggle datasets
- List of lists with datasets
- LVIS <--- dataset for large vocabulary instance segmentation
- Mapillary Vistas Dataset <--- street-level imagery dataset with pixel‑accurate and instance‑specific human annotations for understanding street scenes around the world
- Mathematics Dataset <--- generates mathematical question and answer pairs, from a range of question types at roughly school-level difficulty
- Million Song Dataset
- nuScenes <--- large-scale autonomous driving dataset
- Papers With Code Datasets <--- ML datasets with lots of filtering options
- Quandl <--- financial data directly into Python
- Quantopian Datasets
- Tencent ML-Images <--- largest multi-label image database; ResNet-101 model; 80.73% top-1 acc on ImageNet
- VQA <--- 200k+ images and over a million questions (with answers) about those images
- easy-VQA <--- simpler version of the original VQA dataset
- World Bank Open Data <--- economic data
- YouTube 8M <--- dataset of YouTube videos
jobs
- CalmJobs <--- job board of companies who value work-life balance
- DataJobs <--- jobs on the US market
- Indeed <--- worldwide job search
- Kaggle jobs <--- job board on Kaggle
- LinkedIn <--- social platform for employees
- Remote Jobs <--- browse 1,900+ remote companies and learn about their team, benefits, work culture and more
- StatsJobs <--- jobs for statisticians
- Tech Interview Handbook <--- carefully curated content to help you ace your next technical interview with a focus on algorithms
tools
- Glassdoor <--- find jobs and company reviews from its employees
- Jobscan <--- optimise your resume using the ATS system
- levels.fyi <--- compare salaries and career levels at big companies
learning material
- AI Expert Roadmap <--- roadmap to becoming an Artificial Intelligence Expert in 2020
- AI Explorables <--- big ideas in machine learning, simply explained by Google
- data-science-ipython-notebooks <--- learn data science from IPython notebooks
- Deep Learning Monitor <--- find new Arxiv papers, tweets and Reddit posts for you
- Dive into Deep Learning <--- interactive deep learning book with code, math, and discussions, based on the NumPy interface
- Explained Visually <--- interactive visualisations
- Kaggle <--- home of data science for competitions, datasets, coursers, notebooks and discussions
- Machine Learning for Everyone <--- blog post, which explains the most critical concepts in a funny and practical way. You won't be bored reading it, and it might take you around 30-40 mins
- Machine Learning on Coursera <--- the must check course by Andrew Ng
- Machine Learning Study Path March 2019 <--- GitHub repository with complete ML study path, focused on TensorFlow and Scikit-Learn
- Machine Learning with AWS <--- free digital curriculum used to train Amazon’s developers and data scientists. You can end it up with a paid professional certification straight from AWS
- Made with ML <--- platform for the ML community to learn, discover, share & organize content
- Neural Networks <--- YouTube playlist of four (20 mins videos) explaining the theory behind neural networks (by 3blue1brown)
- Papers with Code <--- free and open resource with Machine Learning papers, code and evaluation tables
news
- Data Science Central <--- more of a social network for data passionates
- DataTau <--- Hacker News like. Still growing, but I prefer it mostly for the concise design
- KDnuggets <--- hub for news, jobs and more, just like Data Science Central
- Towards Data Science <--- Medium for DS
- Twitter <--- you can start with #datascience or Follow Friday (AI)
online tools
- A Neural Network Playground <--- train a neural network
- CNN Explainer <--- interactive visualization system designed to help non-experts learn about Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
- ColorBrewer <--- colour advice for maps
- Decision Trees in Javascript <--- random forest demo in Javascript
- check out also SVMs demo
- GAN Lab <--- play with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in your browser!
- Grail Text Recognizer <--- text recognition explained
- Image-to-Image Demo <--- interactive image translation with pix2pix-tensorflow
- Interactive Machine Learning List <--- list of interactive ML visualisations
- Interactive Tools for ML, DL and Math <--- learn and play with ML interactively (I highly recommend it!)
- Keras.js <--- run Keras models in your browser
- Lyrebird AI <--- voice cloning
- PAIR tools <--- open-source tools to help make ML models more understandable, reliable, and fair (by Google)
- Plotly Chart Studio <--- online Plotly graph maker
- RAWGraphs <--- quickly generate data visualisations from spreadsheets
- RecurrentJS Sentence Memorization
- Seeing Theory <--- visual introduction to probability and statistics
- SegNet <--- image segmentation
- Self-driving cars in the browser
- StarByFace <--- celebrity look-alike application
- Talk to Transformer <--- write some text and generate the next sentences
- Teachable Machine <--- simple GUI for creating ML models
questions
- Cross Validated <--- Stack Overflow for DS
- Data Science Stack Exchange <--- alternative to Cross Validated
- Quora <--- general website for questions
- subreddits <--- find the right subreddits in the list below
subreddits
As there are many, I highly encourage you to check my custom feeds:
visualisations
- Datavisualization <--- list of visualisation tools
- FlowingData <--- blog on data visualisation
- Information is Beautiful <--- see it with your own eyes
- Population.io <--- what's your place in the world population? How long will you live?
- Simply Statistics <--- blog on data visualisation
- Worldometers <--- real-time world statistics
🎨 Design
- Can't Unsee <--- check your graphical sense
- Everypixel <--- find free or paid stock images
- Grumpy Website <--- examples where the design went wrong
- GUI gallery for every OS
- Squoosh <--- optimise image size
- UI Goodies <--- directory of online resources
colour palettes
- Adobe Color <--- colour wheel by Adobe
- Canva Color Wheel <--- colour wheel by Canva
- Color Hunt <--- colour palettes to choose from
- ColorKitty <--- create and discover colour palettes
- Coolors <--- quickly generate new colour schemes
- Happy Hues <--- colour palette inspiration site
create
- Canva <--- create graphics easily
- Carbon <--- share an image of code
- Coggle <--- generate mind maps
- diagrams.net <--- free online diagram software (previously: draw.io)
- Hatchful <--- logo creator from the Shopify team
- Kapwing <--- collaborative platform for creating images, videos, and GIFs
- Launchaco <--- free online logo maker
- Marvel <--- create mockups in the browser
- Venngage <--- infographic creator
edit
- Photopea <--- Photoshop in the browser
- Pixlr X <--- online image editor
- remove.bg <--- automatically remove background from an image
- Unscreen <--- automatically remove background from a video
icons
- CoreUI Icons <--- premium designed free icon set with marks in SVG, Webfont and raster formats
- Eva Icons <--- simple open-source icons
- Flaticon <--- free vector icons
- Font Awesome <--- vector icons and social logos for your website
- icons8 <--- free icons
📆 Events
- Eventbrite <--- social network for events
- Eventil <--- events for tech people
- Facebook Events
- Hackathon.com <--- find worldwide hackathons
- Meetup <--- social network for events
📰 IT News
All the mentioned sites are mostly free of clickbait and offer the triumph of form over content.
- Ars Technica
- dobreprogramy (
🇵🇱 ) <--- one of the most popular Polish sites - Hacker News <--- my top resource with high quality content and discussions. Check out my dark theme to save your eyes
- Slashdot
- TechCrunch
- The Hacker News <--- cybersecurity news
🧠 Learning
- Brilliant <--- replace lecture videos with hands-on, interactive problem solving
- Hypothesis <--- open-source tool to highlight/annotate the text you read online and in the scientific papers. It's a great way to organize your research, as well as hold discussions about your annotations with other users like me
- Polar Bookshelf <--- open-source tool to annotate PDF documents and websites and later turn them into Anki flashcards. It's a quite unique alternative to Hypothesis
- Researcher <--- feed for scientific papers
- Simple Wikipedia <--- Wikipedia articles explained in simple words
flashcards
I've explained my way of using flashcards (mainly Anki) thoroughly in this blog post.
- Anki <--- my favourite software to learn through spaced repetition and active learning in mobile and open-source PC app. Make sure to check out my own decks
- flashcards.wizardzines <--- set of flashcards from Julia Evans
- Flashcards for Developers <--- online flashcards based mostly on programming skills
- Fluent Forever <--- paid application to study languages. You can also read its accompanying book and watch the author’s comparison between FF and Anki
- Memrise <--- learn a language and not only
- NeuraCache <--- automatically generate flashcards from Twitter posts, Markdown editors, Kindle or your favourite note-taking tools, such as OneNote, Evernote or Roam and study them all using a mobile app
- Quizlet <--- more user-friendly alternative to Anki
- RemNote <--- note-taking app that will convert your notes to flashcards with the use of specific syntax. Here you can check its live demo
- ShortcutFoo <--- fun way to memorise shortcuts and commands
- SuperMemo <--- more advanced tool over Anki, including the incremental reading feature. The author also dedicated a lot of time into the science behind the learning topic
- Tinycards <--- flashcard app from the creators of Duolingo
languages
- Busuu <--- global language learning community, where you can take language courses to practice reading, writing, listening and speaking (great alternative to Duolingo)
- Clozemaster <--- language learning gamification through mass exposure to vocabulary in context
- Duolingo <--- free web/mobile app to learn most of the languages
- LyricsTraining <--- learning languages with the music videos and filling in the lyrics of your favorite songs
- Reverso Context <--- translator with example sentences to give more context
- Rosetta Stone <--- learn online with a possibility to book online conversations with a native speaker
- YouGlish <--- search engine to find the pronunciation of the phrase in a YouTube video. The site offers multiple languages
online courses
- A Cloud Guru <--- courses and real hands-on labs in AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, and beyond
- Coursera <--- courses by universities and other professional organizations
- Courseroot <--- course search engine
- DataCamp <--- online courses just for data science
- Dataquest <--- online courses just for data science (seems to be tougher than DataCamp but lacks the mobile app)
- edX <--- online university-level courses
- HN Academy <--- online courses recommended by the community of Hacker News
- Khan Academy <--- free online university
- O'Reilly learning <--- learning platform with online interactive sandboxes and access to O'Reilly books
- SwitchUp <--- compare/rank bootcamps by subjects
- Udacity <--- high-quality courses for tech topics
- Udemy <--- find and create online courses
questions
- Quora <--- ask anything
- Reddit <--- find the right subreddit for your question
- Stack Exchange <--- find the right site to ask your question
- Stack Overflow <--- all the programming related questions
simulations
- AI Explorables <--- big ideas in machine learning, simply explained by Google
- Explained Visually <--- interactive visualisations
- Explorable Explanations <--- hub for learning through interactive online games. Make sure to check out more from Nicky Case!
- Explorable Physics <--- course notes for algebra based physics with explorable explanations
- Neal.fun <--- lots of interactive educational/interesting comparisons
- Prajwal DSouza <--- simulations related to Math, Physics and Computer Science
🐧 Linux
- Cassowary <--- run Windows applications on Linux as if they are native
- DistroTest <--- try running any Linux distro in the cloud VM
- instantbox <--- spin up temporary Linux systems with instant webshell access from any browser
- Peek <--- animated GIF recorder for Linux
- termtosvg <--- record terminal sessions as SVG animations
- UserLAnd <--- run a Linux distribution or application on Android (without root)
- WebVM <--- server-less virtual Linux env running client-side in HTML5/WebAssembly
- Wine <--- compatibility layer capable of running Windows applications on several POSIX-compliant operating systems, such as Linux, macOS, & BSD
- xxh <--- bring your favorite shell wherever you go through ssh
shell
Additionally, you can find settings of my terminals (UI, plugins, aliases, etc.) in the my-terminal repository.
- bat <--- cat(1) clone with wings
- broot <--- new way to see and navigate directory trees
- CommandLineFu<--- share & browse Linux CLI one-liners
- crontab guru <--- quick and simple editor for cron schedule expressions
- exa <--- modern replacement for
ls
- explainshell <--- match CLI arguments to their help text
- fd <--- better alternative to
find
- fzf <--- CLI fuzzy finder
- howdoi <--- get quick answers to common linux related questions, right inside your terminal by typing
"howdoi [your question]"
- htop <--- interactive process viewer
- Modern Unix <--- collection of modern/faster/saner alternatives to common unix commands
- A list of new(ish) command line tools <--- by Julia Evans
- Neofetch <--- CLI tool to display information about your OS in an aesthetic way
- nushell <--- new type of shell
- Oh My Zsh <--- framework for managing your Zsh configuration
- Online Bash Shell <--- online Bash editor
- Outrun <--- execute a local command using the processing power of another Linux machine
- ShellCheck <--- find bugs in your shell scripts
- Starship <--- prompt for any shell (customize it, e.g. to disable the package module)
- tealdeer <--- very fast implementation of tldr in Rust
- tree <--- display directories as trees (with optional color/HTML output)
- zsh <--- shell designed for interactive use, although it is also a powerful scripting language
- zsh-autosuggestions <--- fish-like autosuggestions for Zsh
- zsh-syntax-highlighting <--- fish shell like syntax highlighting for Zsh
devops/mlops
- aws-cli <--- official Amazon AWS command-line interface
- helm <--- package manager for Kubernetes
- jq <--- CLI JSON processor
- k9s <--- Kubernetes CLI (alternatively, try Lens)
- kubectl <--- Kubernetes cluster manager
- kustomize <--- Kubernetes native configuration management
- sops <--- tool for managing secrets
- yq <--- command-line YAML, JSON and XML processor
🍎 macOS
- AirBuddy <--- control wireless devices
- Alfred <--- extendable launcher
- Raycast <--- alternative to Alfred
- Amphetamine <--- keep your screen awake
- Bartender <--- take control of menu bar
- BetterSnapTool <--- easily manage your window positions
- BetterTouchTool <--- customize various input devices
- BetterZip <--- next generation of archiving
- CleanShot X <--- screenshot tool
- Monosnap <--- free alternative
- DevToysMac <--- swiss army knife for developers
- DropShelf <--- drag and drop helper app
- HazeOver <--- fade out background windows
- Homebrew <--- package manager for macOS
- iTerm2 <--- better terminal (you can find my settings here)
- Itsycal <--- tiny menu bar calendar
- Karabiner-Elements <--- keyboard customizer
- mas <--- Mac App Store command line interface
- MeetingBar <--- menu bar calendar
- New File Menu <--- create new files via Finder
- Numi <--- beautiful calculator
- Sound Control <--- advanced audio controls
- Transmit <--- upload, download, and manage files on tons of servers
- UnnaturalScrollWheels <--- invert scroll direction for mouse & trackpad
➗ Math
learn
- Become a Calculus Master <--- Udemy course of three parts
- Better Explained <--- free calculus course
- Calculus for Beginners and Artists <--- free online book
- Calculus For The People -- Season 1 <--- free online book with interactive elements
- Example Problems <--- example problems with solutions in a Wiki format
- immersive linear algebra <--- free interactive online book
- Interactive Linear Algebra <--- free online textbook at Georgia Tech
- Mathematics For Machine Learning <--- free book in a PDF format
- Mathigon <--- interactive math online
- Math is Fun <--- easy mathematical explanations
- OnlineStatBook <--- easy to understand book about math (in my opinion). It is best to go through the online version as it contains some exercises
tools
- Desmos <--- graphing calculator. You can create visualisations close to 3blue1brown style (such as [1] or [2])
- Manim <--- generate explanatory animations for your math videos (created by 3blue1brown)
- Mathway <--- algebra problem solver
- Symbolab <--- step by step solver
- WolframAlpha <--- ultimate online calculator
📱 Mobile Apps
- AdGuard <--- get rid of intrusive ads and online tracking
- Algorithms: Explained and Animated <--- great representation of various algorithms
- AnkiDroid Flashcards <--- learn any topic using active learning and spaced repetition. Before using the mobile app, I strongly suggest to set up your account and decks of cards using the PC app. Also, make sure to check the public decks shared from my side
- AZ Screen Recorder <--- best free screen recorder
- Backdrops <--- my favorite high-quality wallpaper app
- Boost for reddit <--- Reddit client
- Brilliant <--- replace lecture videos with hands-on, interactive problem solving
- Calmaria <--- focus / breathe / relax
- Chess King (Learn Tactics & Solve Puzzles) <--- collection of chess education courses
- Cymath - Math Problem Solver <--- step by step problem solver
- Elevate <--- used daily can significantly improve math, reading, writing, speaking, and listening
- Enki <--- learn data science, coding, and stay on top of tech trends
- File Manager Plus <--- my favourite file manager
- Google Lens <--- search what you see
- Grasshopper <--- learn JavaScript for free from Google
- Harmonic for Hacker News <--- great looking tech news that I can read for hours
- HiPER Calc Scientific Calculator <--- high precision scientific calculator
- InShot <--- most advanced video editor
- lichess <--- best open-source free chess
- Listen Audiobook Player <--- my favourite Audiobook Player
- Mathlab Graphing Calculator <--- scientific, graphing, fraction and matrix calculator in one app
- Network Analyzer <--- network analysis, scanning and problem detection
- One Calendar <--- manage all your calendars on all your devices
- Pocket Casts <--- my favourite Podcast Player
- Polish <--- most advanced photo editor
- Puzzlerama <--- stock of puzzles
- Pydroid 3 <--- Python 3 IDE for Android
- Screen On <--- app and widget to keep the screen on
- Simon Tatham's Puzzles <--- mobile implementation of the web-based collection of one-player puzzle games
- Statinfer (archived apk file) <--- quiz app to test your data science skills (ML, DL, tools, interview questions, etc.)
- SoloLearn <--- mobile programming university
- Termux <--- Android terminal emulator and Linux environment app (you can find my settings here)
- Tiny Scanner <--- PDF scanner app
- Twilight <--- blue light filter
- Universe in a Nutshell <--- Wait but Why and Kurzgesagt version of the online Scale of the Universe 2
- Weawow <--- beautiful weather forecast
🎶 Music
DAW
- Ableton
- FL Studio <--- my favourite choice with lots of online tutorials. Can be highly extended with multiple plugins
learn
- academy.fm <--- lots of online courses
- ADSR <--- learn Serum, Reaktor, Massive, etc.
- Beatboxing for kids <--- teach your kids beatboxing using everyday words
- Learn music with Ableton <--- interactively in your browser
- Melodics <--- interactive desktop software
- Pianu <--- online interactive piano
- Playground Sessions <--- my personal favorite app to learn piano
- Simply Piano <--- mobile app that listens to the sound through a microphone
- Synthesia <--- game that can help you learn how to play the piano using falling notes
listen
- Brain.fm <--- music to improve focus
- defonic <--- create immersive soundscape
- Endel <--- personalized soundscapes to help you focus, relax, and sleep. Backed by neuroscience
- Last.fm <--- track your scrobbles. Make sure to follow me!
- lofi.cafe <--- online radio to focus and relax
- lofi generator <--- algorithmically generate royalty-free lofi hip-hop
- lofi hip hop radio <--- live YouTube transmission of background music for your studying sessions
- Moodil <--- nature sounds
- musicForProgramming <--- series of mixes intended for listening while '+task+' to aid concentration
- myNoise <--- create beautiful noises to mask the noises you don’t want to hear
- Noises.online <--- premium masking sounds
- Poolsuite FM <--- the chillest place online: a place where it's perpetually the summer of 1997 (probably my favourite radio)
- Radio Garden <--- listen to thousands of radio stations from the world using a Google Earth based menu
- SoundCloud <--- find lots of indie music and upload your own one. Make sure to follow me!
- Spotify <--- stream music online
sample packs
- ADSR <--- sample packs + music courses
- BBC Sound Effects <--- 16000 BBC Sound Effects in WAV format
- Cymatics.fm <--- 1000’s of free samples, presets, and more
- Loopmasters <--- different types of samples: one shots, loops, construction kits (samples combined for one particular song)
- SoundPacks <--- comprehensive source for free sample packs, drum kits, loop packs, and preset packs
tools
- alda <--- text-based programming language for music composition
- Bongo Cat <--- hit the bongos like Bongo Cat!
- Chrome Music Lab <--- website that makes learning music more accessible through fun, hands-on experiments
- DeepJ <--- AI to compose piano music in real-time
- drumbit <--- online drum machine
- Every Noise at Once <--- map of music styles (play each style with a single click)
- Jukeblocks <--- song structure generator, that generates the tracks, song sections and composition/arrangement of a song
- Ludotune <--- make music with 3D blocks
- Music Grid <--- turn on sound, tap on the grid
- Music Maker <--- with the use of AI
- noise.sh <--- digital signal processing spreadsheet for sound design
- Roland50 Studio <--- online music creation platform by Yuri Suzuki and Roland
- SOUL <--- IDE and language to make music
- Spleeter <--- extract acapella from the song using AI (demonstration video)
- The Infinite Drum Machine <--- create beats using sounds from the everyday world
📧 Newsletters
Try gathering all your favourite newsletters into Newsletry (Feedly for newsletters).
- Awesome Newsletters <--- curated list of awesome newsletters
- Bullets.news <--- scientific papers summarized in few bullet points
- Data Elixir <--- weekly dose of the top data science picks from around the web. Covering machine learning, data visualization, analytics, and strategy
- Data Science Weekly <--- featuring curated news, articles and jobs related to Data Science. You can read the archive at any time
- DEV Community <--- weekly newsletter of top 7 posts (activate in settings of your account)
- GitHub Trending Repos <--- subscribe to weekly/daily sets of trending repositories from different languages
- Hacker Newsletter <--- weekly newsletter of best posts from Hacker News
- Highbrow <--- choose a topic to learn and receive a daily message
- Inside <--- daily newsletters on different topics. For example, check out Inside AI
- James Clear <--- apply better habits in your life (from the author of Atomic Habits)
- learnbyexample weekly <--- CLI, Python, Regular Expressions, Vim, etc.
- Machine Learning Ops Roundup <--- bringing together the best articles, news and papers about MLOps
- Morning Cup of Coding <--- daily programming newsletter featuring long form technical articles of all fields of software engineering
- Papers with Code <--- stay informed on the latest trending ML papers with code, research developments, libraries, methods, and datasets
- Podcast Notes <--- summary of podcasts in few bullet points
- The Batch <--- stay updated with weekly AI News and Insights from DeepLearning.AI
- The Data Science Roundup <--- internet's most useful data science articles
- The Overflow <--- newsletter by developers, for developers
- unknowNews (
🇵🇱 ) <--- weekly newsletter. Check its archive or search engine for the past sendings - Unreadit/Tech <--- Reddit content on tech
🎧 Podcasts
I recommend listening to all podcasts through Pocket Casts web/mobile app.
business
- Akademia.pl (
🇵🇱 ) <--- podcast for new entrepreneurs - Life Hacking Podcast (
🇵🇱 ) <--- develop your mind - MiroBurn Show (
🇵🇱 ) <--- main podcast by MiroBurn - Startup my Way (
🇵🇱 ) <--- SaaS, startups, tech, future - Ted Talks Business
- Więcej niż oszczędzanie pieniędzy (
🇵🇱 ) <--- how to spend money the right way
cybersecurity
- Breaking Badness <--- where timely and relevant security news meets ninja jokes and sit down comedy
- Cyber Security Headlines <--- six-minute news podcast available every weekday
- Daily Information Security Podcast ("StormCast") <--- daily 5-10 minute information security threat updates
- Darknet Diaries <--- true stories from the dark side of the internet
- Digital Forensic Survival Podcast <--- computer forensic analysis, techniques, methodology, tool reviews and more
- Kacper Szurek (
🇵🇱 ) <--- overview of the latest security news - Malicious Life <--- history of cybersecurity, with comments and reflections by real hackers
- Na Podsłuchu - Niebezpiecznik.pl (
🇵🇱 ) <--- discussions of different cybersecurity topics - The Privacy, Security, and OSINT Show <--- weekly podcast presents ideas to help you become digitally invisible, stay secure from cyber threats, and make you a better online investigator
- The Social-Engineer Podcast <--- podcast on social engineering
data science
- Biznes Myśli (
🇵🇱 ) <--- AI podcast by Vladimir - DataEvangelists (
🇵🇱 ) <--- 1st Polish podcast on data science - Data Framed <--- from DataCamp creators
- Lex Fridman Podcast <--- AI talks with top engineers
- Practical AI <--- making artificial intelligence practical, productive, and accessible to everyone
- Python Bytes <--- weekly podcast on Python
- Talk Python To Me <--- podcast on Python and related technologies
- The Numberphile podcast <--- fall in love with numbers
devops/mlops
- DevOps and Docker Talk <--- interviews and audience Q&A from Bret Fisher's YouTube Live show and other chats with friends in the world of cloud native and container DevOps
- Kubernetes Notes <--- based on Kubernetes Documentation
- Kubernetes Podcast from Google <--- weekly news and interview show with insight from the Kubernetes community
- MLOps.community <--- weekly talks and fireside chats about everything that has to do with the new space emerging around DevOps for Machine Learning aka MLOps aka Machine Learning Operations
- Więcej Niż Konteneryzacja (
🇵🇱 ) <--- everything about containers by Damian Naprawa
general/science
- 60-Second Science <--- 60-second podcasts to explain scientific topics
- Dan Carlin's Hardcore History <--- one of the most popular podcasts on history
- Duolingo podcast <--- learn languages with Duolingo
- Podcast Notes <--- best ideas and recommendations from the top podcasts
- Podcast Pasja Informatyki (
🇵🇱 ) <--- philosophy + IT - Simplify <--- for anybody who’s taken a close look at their habits, their happiness, their relationships, or their health
- Ted Talks Daily <--- use your podcast app to find more categorised TED talks
- The 3b1b podcast <--- interviews hosted by Grant Sanderson, the creator of 3blue1brown
- The Anthropocene Reviewed <--- reviews of facets of the human-centred planet
- The Joe Rogan Experience <--- famous podcast of Comedian Joe Rogan
- The Stephen Wolfram Podcast <--- from the creator of Mathematica, Wolfram|Alpha and the Wolfram Language
health
- Ben Greenfield Fitness <--- fitness advice
- Bulletproof Radio <--- biohacker podcast by Dave Asprey
- Huberman Lab <--- analysis of Neuroscience: how our brain and its connections with the organs of our body controls our perceptions, our behaviors, and our health
- TedTalks Health
programming
- Andrzej on Software <--- software, including but not limited to Ruby, JS, OOP, DDD, CQRS, AI, business, sales, marketing
- DevelopersHangout <--- discussions of topics about coding and all that comes with it
- Developer Tea <--- short podcast for developers
- Devsession (
🇵🇱 ) <--- from programmer for programmers - DevTalk (
🇵🇱 ) <--- podcast for programmers - Retrospektywa (
🇵🇱 ) <--- talks about IT projects - The Real Python Podcast <--- interviews, coding tips, and conversation with guests from the Python community
- The Stack Overflow Podcast <--- weekly conversation about working in software development
⏲ Productivity
- ActivityWatch <--- open-source time tracker (alternative to RescueTime)
- Box Breathing Exercise <--- take a break, breathe and calm down
- DeepL <--- AI based translator (imho, better than Google Translator)
- Effective Engineer Notes <--- quick read on how to be effective and get things done
- Feedly <--- news aggregator. Save time by browsing what matters
- Focusmate <--- let others watch you while you work
- Focus Sounds <--- navigate to the "Music" section of this list
- Intention <--- Chrome extension to stop visiting distractive websites
- Leave Me Alone <--- see all of your subscription emails in one place and unsubscribe from them with a single click
- lofi.cafe <--- online radio to focus and relax
- Make <--- automate various tasks (more advanced than IFTT and 2.5x cheaper than Zapier)
- Monochrome mode (grayscale mode) activation on your mobile device <--- attract yourself less to the colourless screen
- Obsidian <--- my favourite powerful knowledge base (note-taking tool) that works on top of a local folder of plain text Markdown files
- OneNote Desktop <--- note-taking tool from Microsoft (desktop version is much more feature-rich over the UWP app)
- Office OneNote Gem Add-Ins <--- lots of plugins for different versions of OneNote
- Onetastic <--- set of extensions for OneNote
- Productivity Methods <--- large list by Todoist
- Productivity Stack <--- list of productivity tools
- Quirk <--- app to apply Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The website also explains what is CBT
- Raindrop.io <--- bookmark manager (Pocket like app)
- RemNote <--- note-taking app that will convert your notes to flashcards with the use of specific syntax. Here you can check its live demo
- Roam <--- note-taking tool as powerful as a graph database, applying the Zettelkasten method (alternative to Obsidian)
- Todoist <--- my daily to-do app (using this link you will get 2 months of premium for free!). If you don't know how to start, check out my Todoist setup and inspire yourself!
- Toggl <--- the most integrated time tracker
👨💻 Programming
coding challenges
- Binary Search <--- create a room, invite your friends, and race to finish the problems
- CheckiO <--- learn Python or JavaScript through the online game
- Codecademy <--- one of the biggest online coding platforms
- CodeCombat <--- coding games to learn Python and JavaScript
- CodeGym <--- online Java programming course that is 80% based on practice
- CodeSignal <--- the most popular website of this kind
- Codewars <--- improve your skills by training with others on real code challenges
- CodinGame <--- learn programming through online sets of puzzles
- Edabit <--- simple, new website in the market
- exercism <--- 100% free service, where you submit solutions through your terminal
- HackerRank <--- my personal choice. I've started with included 30-days coding challenge and can totally recommend it
- JetBrains Academy <--- dive into Java, Python, and other programming languages in a project-based learning environment that is integrated with JetBrains IDEs
- LeetCode <--- more advanced website, where you will mostly find problems asked by the world's largest tech companies. I recommend watching Kevin Naughton Jr. who goes through many problems from there
- Project Lovelace <--- bunch of free scientific programming problems. Each problem teaches some bit of science, like how to simulate a guitar, splice DNA, or predict the weather
- StrataScratch <--- over 1000 data science exercises taken from real companies to practice SQL and Python
devops/mlops
- Docker Desktop <--- application for building and sharing containerized application
- Postman <--- popular API client that makes it easy for developers to create, share, test and document APIs
IDE
- Anaconda <--- most popular Python/R Data Science platform, which lets you install and manage all of the following tools:
- Jupyter Notebook <--- good choice for the beginning and the reason of maintaining a well-documented code
- Spyder <--- Python IDE
- RStudio <--- R IDE
- Google Colab <--- alternative to Jupyter Notebook. Run your code entirely in the browser and improve the model learning time by leveraging Google's GPU/TPU
- PyCharm <--- more robust Python IDE
- Sublime Text <--- the most optimised text editor with a package control
- Visual Studio Code <--- highly extensible IDE from Microsoft (explained thoroughly in My VS Code Playground blog post)
online tools
algorithm visualizer
- Algorithm Visualiser <--- interactive online platform to visualise algorithms from code
- Pandas Data Tutor <--- write Python pandas code in your browser and see how it transforms your data step-by-step
- Python Tutor <--- visualise Python algorithms, step by step
- Tidy Data Tutor <--- write R and Tidyverse code in your browser and see how your data frame changes at each step
devops/mlops
- contains.dev <--- explore Docker image files, layers and dependencies
- curlconverter <--- generate code from cURL commands
- Hoppscotch <--- open-source API dev ecosystem
online IDE
- Coding Ground <--- set of online IDE and compilers
- OnlineGDB <--- online compiler and debugger
- Repl.it <--- collaborative, in-browser IDE to code in 50+ languages
- vscode.dev <--- VS Code for the web
SQL
- MySQL Syntax Check <--- online SQL Query Checker
- SQLite Online <--- SQL Online IDE
- SQLite Playground <--- run SQL query to see the results
web dev
- Animatize <--- Drag a character with your mouse to create an animation
- Can I use ... <--- up-to-date browser support tables for support of front-end web technologies
- CSS Stats <--- analytics and visualizations for your stylesheets
- Dead link checker <--- broken link checker
- ExtendsClass <--- toolbox for web designers and webmasters
- favicon.cc <--- favicon.ico generator
- GTmetrix <--- website performance checker
- Layoutit Grid <--- quickly draw down web pages layouts with our clean editor, and get HTML and CSS code
- Nu HTML checker <--- validate HTML
- Tiny Helpers <--- collection of free single-purpose online tools for web developers
- Transform tools <--- polyglot web converter
extra
- Airtable <--- partly spreadsheet, partly database. Can replace WordPress for non-technical users, who can also manage multiple domains using this tool
- Bubble <--- visual programming (no coding required)
- Coda <--- build docs as powerful as an app (no coding recuired)
- DevDocs <--- API documentation browser
- free-for.dev <--- list of software (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) and other offerings that have free tiers for developers
- json.pizza <--- beautify your JSON code
- regex101 <--- online regex tester and debugger
- StackEdit <--- visual Markdown editor
websites to study from
- 30 seconds of code <--- collection of useful snippets in multiple languages, which you can understand in 30 seconds or less
- A to Z Resources for Students <--- find even more resources to learn software engineering
- Build your own X <--- resources to start developing your first website, database; you name it
- Code Club <--- find ideas for your Python projects
- Coding Interview University <--- complete computer science study plan to become a software engineer
- Data Structure Visualisations <--- interactive visualisation for most of data structures
- DevTube <--- developer videos in one place. You can try replacing YouTube with DevTube
- Every Programmer Should Know <--- collection of (mostly) technical things every software developer should know
- freeCodeCamp <--- learn to code from open-source community for free
- Games of Coding <--- curated list of games that can teach you how to learn a programming language
- Goalkicker <--- free programming books on various technologies
- interviewing.io <--- free anonymous interview practice. Before practising you can watch technical mock interviews with engineers from big companies
- JavaScript Algorithms and Data Structures <--- algorithms and data structures implemented in JavaScript with explanations and links to further readings. Don't prevent yourself from taking a look, even if you're not a JS developer
- Katacoda <--- learn new technologies using real environments right in your browser
- Learn X by doing Y <--- list of projects to learn by doing
- Learn X in Y Minutes <--- take a whirlwind tour of your next favourite language. Community-driven!
- My Pinterest Page about Software Development <--- here I store the most interesting infographics
- O'Reilly learning <--- learn artificial intelligence, operations, data, UX design, finance, leadership, and more
- Packt Hub Tutorials <--- free web dev & programming tutorials
- Python Awesome <--- nice collection of often useful awesome Python frameworks, libraries and software
- The Best Python Lighting Talks <--- videos to watch about Python
- Real Python <--- Python tutorials, quizzes, courses and more
- Refactoring <--- pleasant guide to clean your messy code
- Tutorialspoint <--- programmer's ultimate Wikipedia
- W3Schools <--- well documented online tutorials
🛫 Travel
- Ancient Earth Globe <--- what did Earth look like X million years ago?
- Champion Traveler <--- find the best time to travel based on the weather
- Cell Tower Distribution <--- world's largest open database of cell towers
- city roads <--- render every single road within a city
- Country Comparison <--- across 6 different business factors, by Hofstede Insights
- Dollar Street <--- photos as data to kill country stereotypes
- Expatistan <--- compare cost of living between cities
- If It Were My Home <--- compare countries
- My Life Elsewhere <--- quality of life comparison
- Nomad List <--- filter the best cities to live
- Numbeo <--- cost of living comparison
- See a satellite tonight <--- search for a satellite on your sky
- ShadeMap <--- simulate sun shadows for any time and place on Earth
- Shadow Calculator <--- sun shadow on Google Maps
- Submarine Cables <--- map of submarine cables
- Surname Maps in Europe <--- surname maps generator of main european countries
- The Best Time to Travel Anywhere <--- comparison of weather, number of tourists etc.
- The True Size Of ... <--- select a country, drag it around the world map to compare its size
- Weather Spark <--- climate reports with the weather by month, day, even hour
- What to Eat in <--- list of things to eat in selected countries
- Wikivoyage <--- worldwide travel guide
- World's Air Pollution <--- real-time air quality index
🖥 Windows
- 7-Zip <--- file archiver with a high compression ratio
- Action! <--- screen recorder
- AIMP <--- music player
- AquaSnap <--- tiling window manager
- Audacity <--- simple audio editor
- AutoHotkey <--- ultimate automation scripting language for Windows (here is a collection of my scripts)
- Calibre <--- e-book manager
- Chocolatey <--- package manager
- clink <--- Bash's powerful command line editing in cmd.exe
- Deskreen <--- turn any device into a secondary screen for your computer
- DevToys <--- Swiss Army knife for developers
- Directory Opus <--- ultimate file manager (worth paying for)
- Ditto <--- clipboard manager
- Everything <--- search local files instantly
- EverythingToolbar <--- Everything integration for the Windows taskbar
- FileZilla <--- free and open-source FTP client/server
- f.lux <--- reduce the amount of blue light at night (you can also install the preferred UWP app)
- Frink <--- practical calculating tool and programming language designed to make physical calculations simple
- GitKraken <--- cross-platform GUI Git client
- gsudo <--- sudo for Windows
- JDownloader <--- open-source download management tool
- KeePassXC <--- cross-platform password manager. Otherwise, consider 1Password as the most secure online manager
- MobaXterm <--- enhanced terminal for Windows with X11 server, tabbed SSH client, network tools and much more
- Mp3tag <--- mp3 tag editor
- Ninite <--- install and update all your programs at once
- NirSoft - freeware utilities <--- freeware tools and system utilities
- Oh My Posh <--- prompt theme engine for any shell. Alternatively, use Starship
- Patch My PC <--- free tool for detecting and automatically updating software (more automated than SUMo, but less powerful)
- PDF-XChange Editor <--- most feature-rich PDF viewer/editor
- PortableApps.com <--- full-featured portable software system
- Potplayer <--- video player
- PowerToys <--- Windows system utilities to maximize productivity
- PuTTY<--- SSH and telnet client
- qBittorrent <--- open-source torrent manager
- scoop <--- command-line installer for Windows
- ShareX <--- most feature-rich screen capture tool
- simplewall <--- configure Windows Filtering Platform (WFP) which can configure network activity on your computer
- SUMo <--- tool for detecting software updates (less automated than Patch My PC, but more powerful)
- Sysinternals Utilities Index <--- utilities to manage, diagnose, troubleshoot, and monitor a Microsoft Windows environment
- TaskbarX <--- center Windows taskbar icons with a variety of animations and options
- Windows Terminal <--- modern terminal application (you can find my settings here)
- WinMerge <--- open-source diff checker (required e.g. by Ditto)
- WinSCP <--- popular SFTP client and FTP client for Microsoft Windows
- WSLg <--- open GUI software through WSL
- XnView MP <--- powerful photo viewer, image management, image resizer
✍ Writing_Research
- After the Deadline <--- free spell checker
- Diffchecker <--- compare differences in text, images, PDFs and more
- Grammarly <--- most popular English proofreader with AI optimisation
- LanguageTool Plus <--- proofreading extension
- Parts of speech <--- categorise words based on similar grammatical properties (noun, verb, adjective, etc.)
- Power Thesaurus <--- synonym finder
- Readable <--- perform the ultimate readability test (base on Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease, SMOG Index and more...)
- Word Frequency Counter <--- paste in the text and find out if you're not overusing particular words
- ZoteroBib <--- web bibliography manager. Also, check the cross-platform version
LaTeX
- Awesome LaTeX <--- list of LaTeX resources
- Mathpix Snip <--- convert images to LaTeX by capturing your screen
- Overleaf <--- online LaTeX editor, recommended not only for the beginners
research websites
- arXiv <--- open access to the scientific papers
- Arxiv Sanity Preserver <--- web interface that attempts to tame the overwhelming flood of papers on Arxiv
- DOAJ <--- directory of open access journals
- Google Scholar <--- web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature
- JSTOR <--- access to more than 12 million academic journal articles, books, and primary sources in 75 disciplines
- ResearchGate <--- European commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators
- ScienceDirect <--- website which provides subscription-based access to a large database of scientific and medical research
- Sci-Hub <--- unlock access to all scientific papers using its URL, PMID/DOI
- Springer <--- access to millions of scientific documents from journals, books, series, protocols, reference works and proceedings
- Wikipedia's List of academic databases and search engines
📼 YouTube Channels
cybersecurity
- Gynvael Coldwind <--- podcasts about CTFs, computer security, programming and similar things. You can also check out Gynvael's (
🇵🇱 ) channel - HackerSploit <--- ethical hacking tutorials
- John Hammond <--- tutorials and videos on lots of programming languages
- LiveOverflow <--- preparing for CTFs
- Mateusz Chrobok (
🇵🇱 ) <--- channel of a CyberSecurity Geek - Niebezpiecznik (
🇵🇱 ) <--- cybersecurity channel
data science
- CodeEmporium <--- data science topics explained through simple visualisations
- Daniel Bourke <--- machine learning engineer who plays at the intersection of technology and health
- David Robinson <--- hours of data analysis in R
- Deeplearning.ai <--- more of Andrew Ng
- DeepLearning.TV <--- complex topics explained with great visualisations
- deeplizard <--- AI/ML explained
- Jay Alammar <--- high-quality videos with simple ML visualisations
- Luis Serrano <--- complex topics, mainly in mathematics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence
- sentdex <--- Python programming tutorials
- Siraj Raval <--- AI, ML, Python and more (unfortunately involved in the scandal of plagiarism)
- StatQuest with Josh Starmer <--- major statistical methodologies into easy to understand pieces (I highly recommend it!)
- The AI University <--- educational channel on data science, data analysis, data engineering and cloud architecture
- Two Minute Papers <--- quick reviews of scientific research papers
- What's AI <--- quick reviews of scientific research papers and AI terms explained
- Yannic Kilcher <--- videos about machine learning research papers, programming, and issues of the AI community and the broader impact of AI in society
devops/mlops
- DevOps Toolkit <--- channel of a passionate DevOps who keeps us up with the most recent DevOps tools
- MLOps.community <--- Machine Learning Operations best practices from engineers in the field
entertainment
- Alan Becker <--- fights of stick figures
- Daily Dose Of Internet <--- the best and top trending videos from all over the Internet in short videos
- Dylan Tallchief <--- fun look over the music production
- GeoWizard <--- adventure and geography videos + stories
- I did a thing <--- the author likes to do things
- Level UP <--- mario animations
- PewDiePie <--- meme/game reviews and not only
- videogamedunkey <--- game reviews
math
- 3blue1brown <--- driven by animations for difficult problems to be made simple with changes in perspective
- blackpenredpen <--- for everyone who loves math
- Brian McLogan <--- teaching math from the perspective of the struggling student
- Brilliant <--- excel in math and science
- Domain of Science <--- overview of science with the help of single maps
- Eddie Woo <--- one of the most enthusiastic math teachers on the web
- Flammable Maths <--- memes and math!
- Krista King <--- master in math
- Looking Glass Universe <--- about the strange world of maths and physics
- Mathemaniac <--- showing a more fun side of Mathematics, as well as the elegance of Math
- Mathologer <--- really accessible explanations of hard and beautiful math(s)
- Michael Penn <--- math videos covering Calculus, Differential Equations, Number Theory and more
- MindYourDecisions <--- brain teasers
- Numberphile <--- videos about numbers
- Prof Ghrist Math <--- animated introduction to calculus
- standupmaths <--- mathematics and stand-up (sometimes simultaneously)
- statisticsfun <--- visual explanations of algebra, trig, calculus, statistics, and economics
- The Organic Chemistry Tutor <--- tutorial videos on organic chemistry, general chemistry, physics, algebra, trigonometry, precalculus, and calculus
- Think Twice <--- animated math videos
- Welch Labs <--- math, science, and machine learning resources
productivity/business
- Akademia Bogactwa (
🇵🇱 ) <--- daily vlog of Polish entrepreneur focused on real estate - Ali Abdaal <--- one of the best channels to learn organisation and study techniques from a med student
- Andrzej Krzywda (
🇵🇱 ) <--- daily vlog of Polish programmer/entrepreneur - BrainCraft <--- self-improvement tips and advice based in psychology and neuroscience
- Charisma on Command <--- master your charisma
- Devstyle (
🇵🇱 ) <--- daily vlog of Polish entrepreneur (past programmer) - FightMediocrity <--- summaries of the most inspiring books
- HealthyGamerGG <--- mental health platform designed to help the internet generation succeed
- MiroBurn (
🇵🇱 ) <--- daily vlog of Polish entrepreneur focused on online courses, biohacking, motivating others and establishing new companies - Wojna Idei (
🇵🇱 ) <--- psychology, philosophy, sociology and culture
programming
- ArjanCodes <--- Python videos about programming and software design to help you take your coding skills to the next level
- Branch Education <--- engineering and science concepts illuminated with videos of accurate models and visualized physics
- Computerphile <--- general computer science channel
- Corey Schafer <--- Python in data science and not only
- Daniel Rakowiecki (
🇵🇱 ) <--- electronics repair (laptops, consoles and more) - Derek Banas <--- is there a topic on which Derek didn't record a tutorial?
- Errichto <--- solving advanced algorithms step by step
- Fireship <--- intermediate to advanced lessons about JavaScript, Flutter, Firebase, and modern app development. The channel hosts lots of videos explaining complex topics in 100 seconds
- FORBOT (
🇵🇱 ) <--- electronics and programming courses - freeCodeCamp <--- videos from open-source community
- Gaurav Sen <--- one of the most talented YouTube teachers of Competitive programming, System design and Artificial intelligence
- Kevin Naughton Jr. <--- LeetCode challenges solver
- Pasja Informatyki (
🇵🇱 ) <--- general IT/psychology channel - ProgrammingKnowledge <--- one of the most varied programming channel
- Programming with Mosh <--- lots of videos on Python, JavaScript, C#
- Python Engineer <--- Python and Machine Learning tutorials
- RS Elektronika (
🇵🇱 ) <--- for anyone interested in electronics - Simplilearn <--- online bootcamp focused on helping people acquire the skills they need to thrive in the digital economy
- The Coding Train <--- one of the most-enthusiastic coders on the web
- UW-TEAM.org (
🇵🇱 ) <--- programming, Linux, security, and more - WilliamFiset <--- educational computer science and mathematics videos
science
- AK LECTURES <--- biology, biochemistry and physics. I recommend going through the playlists
- AsapSCIENCE <--- quick scientific explanations
- Astrofaza (
🇵🇱 ) <--- everything about space - BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks <--- everyday science in the world around us
- CGP Grey <--- short explanatory videos on varying subjects, including politics, geography, economics, history, and culture
- DIY Perks <--- plenty of interesting DIY projects on a variety of topics, including computers, woodworking, electronics, audio, and more!
- exurb1a <--- attempt to explain the way universe works
- Geography Now <--- first and only Youtube Channel that actively attempts to cover profiles on every single country of the world
- iBiology <--- biology talks by the world's leading scientists that show the process of science and the wonders of discovery. Make sure to check out their other channels
- iBiology Techniques <--- iBiology technique driven videos such as a microscopy course
- It's Okay To Be Smart <--- Joe Hanson, Ph.D. is a curious group of atoms in a curious universe, and he's here to tell you how it all works
- Kurzgesagt <--- videos explaining things with optimistic nihilism (quality > quantity)
- Langfocus <--- channel of a language enthusiast, globetrotter
- Lex Clips <--- clips from the Artificial Intelligent podcast and other conversations with Lex Fridman
- Life Noggin <--- quickly animated explanations
- Mark Rober <--- channel of a former NASA engineer and a friend of science
- MinuteEarth <--- science and stories about our awesome planet
- minutephysics <--- cool physics and other sweet science
- Nauka. To Lubię (
🇵🇱 ) <--- for everyone who likes science - National Geographic <--- world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure
- PBS Space Time <--- explore the outer reaches of space, the craziness of astrophysics, the possibilities of sci-fi and more
- Physics Girl <--- adventures into the physical sciences with experiments, demonstrations, and cool new discoveries
- Primer <--- animated academic subjects
- Reigarw Comparisons <--- comparisons of sizes, speed, price, or anything interesting
- SciFun (
🇵🇱 ) <--- world of science - Simone Giertz <--- channel of a maker/robotics enthusiast/non-engineer
- Smarter Every Day <--- exploring the world using science (also check out the 2nd channel)
- Smartgasm (
🇵🇱 ) <--- lots of astronomy and physics - Stuff Made Here <--- building fabrication projects, writing software, making electronics, and more
- The Thought Emporium <--- from biohacking and biology, to nuclear physics and nanotech
- TierZoo <--- what if to talk about animals in terms of stats
- Today I Found Out <--- brand new videos 7 days a week to learn something new
- Tom Scott <--- channel of a British Internet personality
- Uwaga! Naukowy Bełkot (
🇵🇱 ) <--- well-researched topics from the overall science - Veritasium <--- videos about science, education, and anything else found interesting
- Vsauce <--- mostly scientific, psychological, mathematical, and philosophical topics
- What If <--- what if ___ ?
- What I've Learned <--- mostly health-based videos from a single person
tech
- Dave Lee <--- critical reviews of the newest tech on the market
- Linus <--- entertaining tech explanations
- Techquickie <--- humorous answers to tech questions
- ThioJoe <--- technology videos, including tech news, reviews, and discussions (mainly focused on Windows)
🤷 Other
- Ancient Earth globe <--- check how Earth looked like x years ago
- Awesome <--- GitHub repository with lists on all kinds of interesting topics
- awesome-awesome-awesome <--- awesome list of repositories of awesome lists
- Awesome Search <--- search all awesome lists in one second
- List.community <--- better graphical form of Awesome
- Buoy <--- check your symptoms with an online AI assistant
- Can I email <--- check which HTML and CSS elements are supported by your mail client
- Code Wizard ~ Ash Kyd <--- website of a developer in a Windows ME style. It's worth checking out the arrangement of blog posts/vlogs
- discount-for-student-dev <--- list of student discounts for learning & development
- DistroTest <--- try running any Linux distro in the cloud VM
- Follow Friday <--- interesting people to follow, categorised by topics like AI, design or programming
- list of accounts I'm following <--- all the people that influence my writing on pawelcislo.com
- Future Timeline <--- timeline of future predictions
- How much free time do you have? <--- specify values and get the result
- Internet Archive <--- wayback machine with a digital library of Internet sites
- My Pinterest account <--- aggregation of the most practical infographics that I stepped on
- Nerd Fonts <--- iconic font aggregator, collection, and patches
- NUKEMAP <--- mapping mash-up that calculates the effects of the detonation of a nuclear bomb
- Programming Fonts <--- quickly check lots of programming fonts in your browser
- Related subreddits <--- find related subreddits in the form of a graph
- scrcpy <--- display and control Android devices connected on USB
- Simone's Computer <--- list of websites that resemble desktop GUIs
- Six Degrees of Wikipedia <--- find the shortest path from one Wikipedia article to another
- Stellarium Web Online Star Map <--- online planetarium
- The Scale of the Universe 2 <--- ride down to the smallest thing theorised by scientists and then out to the vastness of the universe
- TLDRLegal <--- software licences explained in plain English
- Webamp <--- Winamp 2 in your browser
- WebGL Fluid Simulation <--- have some fun :)
- windows95 <--- Windows 95 running in the Electron app
- Zero Width Shortener <--- URL shortener that shortens URLs using spaces that have zero width, making them invisible to humans