ggstatsplot: ggplot2 Based Plots with Statistical Details

Package	Status	Usage	GitHub	Miscellaneous

Raison d’être

“What is to be sought in designs for the display of information is the clear portrayal of complexity. Not the complication of the simple; rather … the revelation of the complex.”

• Edward R. Tufte

ggstatsplot is an extension of ggplot2 package for creating graphics with details from statistical tests included in the information-rich plots themselves. In a typical exploratory data analysis workflow, data visualization and statistical modeling are two different phases: visualization informs modeling, and modeling in its turn can suggest a different visualization method, and so on and so forth. The central idea of ggstatsplot is simple: combine these two phases into one in the form of graphics with statistical details, which makes data exploration simpler and faster.

Summary of available plots

It, therefore, produces a limited kinds of plots for the supported analyses:

Function	Plot	Description
ggbetweenstats	violin plots	for comparisons between groups/conditions
ggwithinstats	violin plots	for comparisons within groups/conditions
gghistostats	histograms	for distribution about numeric variable
ggdotplotstats	dot plots/charts	for distribution about labeled numeric variable
ggscatterstats	scatterplots	for correlation between two variables
ggcorrmat	correlation matrices	for correlations between multiple variables
ggpiestats	pie charts	for categorical data
ggbarstats	bar charts	for categorical data
ggcoefstats	dot-and-whisker plots	for regression models and meta-analysis

In addition to these basic plots, ggstatsplot also provides grouped_ versions (see below) that makes it easy to repeat the same analysis for any grouping variable.

Summary of types of statistical analyses

The table below summarizes all the different types of analyses currently supported in this package-

Functions	Description	Parametric	Non-parametric	Robust	Bayesian
ggbetweenstats	Between group/condition comparisons	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ggwithinstats	Within group/condition comparisons	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
gghistostats, ggdotplotstats	Distribution of a numeric variable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ggcorrmat	Correlation matrix	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ggscatterstats	Correlation between two variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ggpiestats, ggbarstats	Association between categorical variables	Yes	NA	NA	Yes
ggpiestats, ggbarstats	Equal proportions for categorical variable levels	Yes	NA	NA	Yes
ggcoefstats	Regression model coefficients	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ggcoefstats	Random-effects meta-analysis	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes

Summary of Bayesian analysis

Analysis	Hypothesis testing	Estimation
(one/two-sample) t-test	Yes	Yes
one-way ANOVA	Yes	Yes
correlation	Yes	Yes
(one/two-way) contingency table	Yes	Yes
random-effects meta-analysis	Yes	Yes

Statistical reporting

For all statistical tests reported in the plots, the default template abides by the APA gold standard for statistical reporting. For example, here are results from Yuen’s test for trimmed means (robust t-test):

Summary of statistical tests and effect sizes

Here is a summary table of all the statistical tests currently supported across various functions: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/statsExpressions/articles/stats_details.html

Installation

To get the latest, stable CRAN release:

install.packages("ggstatsplot")

Note:

Linux users may encounter some installation problems, as several R packages require external libraries on the system, especially for PMCMRplus package. The following README file briefly describes the installation procedure: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=PMCMRplus/readme/README.html

You can get the development version of the package from GitHub.

If you are in hurry and want to reduce the time of installation, prefer-

# needed package to download from GitHub repo
install.packages("remotes")

# downloading the package from GitHub (needs `remotes` package to be installed)
remotes::install_github(
  repo = "IndrajeetPatil/ggstatsplot", # package path on GitHub
  dependencies = FALSE, # assumes you have already installed needed packages
  quick = TRUE # skips docs, demos, and vignettes
)

If time is not a constraint-

remotes::install_github(
  repo = "IndrajeetPatil/ggstatsplot", # package path on GitHub
  dependencies = TRUE, # installs packages which ggstatsplot depends on
  upgrade_dependencies = TRUE # updates any out of date dependencies
)

To see what new changes (and bug fixes) have been made to the package since the last release on CRAN, you can check the detailed log of changes here: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/news/index.html

Citation

If you want to cite this package in a scientific journal or in any other context, run the following code in your R console:

citation("ggstatsplot")

  Patil, I. (2018). ggstatsplot: 'ggplot2' Based Plots with Statistical
  Details. CRAN. Retrieved from
  https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggstatsplot/index.html

A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is

  @Article{,
    title = {{ggstatsplot}: 'ggplot2' Based Plots with Statistical Details},
    author = {Indrajeet Patil},
    year = {2018},
    journal = {CRAN},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggstatsplot},
    doi = {10.5281/zenodo.2074621},
  }

There is currently a publication in preparation corresponding to this package and the citation will be updated once it’s published.

Documentation and Examples

To see the detailed documentation for each function in the stable CRAN version of the package, see:

• Website: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/

• README: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggstatsplot/readme/README.html

• Presentation: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot_slides/slides/ggstatsplot_presentation.html#1

• Vignettes: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggstatsplot/vignettes/additional.html

To see the documentation relevant for the development version of the package, see the dedicated website for ggstatplot, which is updated after every new commit: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/.

Primary functions

Here are examples of the main functions currently supported in ggstatsplot.

Note: If you are reading this on GitHub repository, the documentation below is for the development version of the package. So you may see some features available here that are not currently present in the stable version of this package on CRAN. For documentation relevant for the CRAN version, see: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggstatsplot/readme/README.html

ggbetweenstats

This function creates either a violin plot, a box plot, or a mix of two for between-group or between-condition comparisons with results from statistical tests in the subtitle. The simplest function call looks like this-

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
library(ggstatsplot)

# plot
ggbetweenstats(
  data = iris,
  x = Species,
  y = Sepal.Length,
  title = "Distribution of sepal length across Iris species"
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ raw data + distributions
✅ descriptive statistics
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ pairwise comparisons
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

A number of other arguments can be specified to make this plot even more informative or change some of the default options.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
library(ggplot2)

# plot
ggbetweenstats(
  data = ToothGrowth,
  x = supp,
  y = len,
  type = "r", # robust statistics
  k = 3, # number of decimal places for statistical results
  xlab = "Supplement type", # label for the x-axis variable
  ylab = "Tooth length", # label for the y-axis variable
  title = "The Effect of Vitamin C on Tooth Growth", # title text for the plot
  ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_fivethirtyeight(), # choosing a different theme
  ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE, # turn off `ggstatsplot` theme layer
  package = "wesanderson", # package from which color palette is to be taken
  palette = "Darjeeling1" # choosing a different color palette
)

Additionally, there is also a grouped_ variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_ggbetweenstats(
  data = dplyr::filter(
    .data = movies_long,
    genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
  ),
  x = mpaa,
  y = length,
  grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
  outlier.tagging = TRUE, # whether outliers need to be tagged
  outlier.label = title, # variable to be used for tagging outliers
  outlier.coef = 2,
  ggsignif.args = list(textsize = 4, tip_length = 0.01),
  p.adjust.method = "bonferroni", # method for adjusting p-values for multiple comparisons
  # adding new components to `ggstatsplot` default
  ggplot.component = list(ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(sec.axis = ggplot2::dup_axis())),
  caption = substitute(paste(italic("Source"), ": IMDb (Internet Movie Database)")),
  palette = "default_jama",
  package = "ggsci",
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2),
  annotation.args = list(title = "Differences in movie length by mpaa ratings for different genres")
)

Note here that the function can be used to tag outliers!

Summary of tests

The central tendency measure displayed will depend on the statistics:

Type	Measure	Function used
Parametric	mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Non-parametric	median	parameters::describe_distribution
Robust	trimmed mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Bayesian	MAP estimate	parameters::describe_distribution

MAP: maximum a posteriori probability

Following (between-subjects) tests are carried out for each type of analyses-

Type	No. of groups	Test	Function used
Parametric	> 2	Fisher’s or Welch’s one-way ANOVA	stats::oneway.test
Non-parametric	> 2	Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA	stats::kruskal.test
Robust	> 2	Heteroscedastic one-way ANOVA for trimmed means	WRS2::t1way
Bayes Factor	> 2	Fisher’s ANOVA	BayesFactor::anovaBF
Parametric	2	Student’s or Welch’s t-test	stats::t.test
Non-parametric	2	Mann–Whitney U test	stats::wilcox.test
Robust	2	Yuen’s test for trimmed means	WRS2::yuen
Bayesian	2	Student’s t-test	BayesFactor::ttestBF

Following effect sizes (and confidence intervals/CI) are available for each type of test-

Type	No. of groups	Effect size	CI?	Function used
Parametric	> 2	,	Yes	effectsize::omega_squared, effectsize::eta_squared
Non-parametric	> 2		Yes	effectsize::rank_epsilon_squared
Robust	> 2	(Explanatory measure of effect size)	Yes	WRS2::t1way
Bayes Factor	> 2		Yes	performance::r2_bayes
Parametric	2	Cohen’s d, Hedge’s g	Yes	effectsize::cohens_d, effectsize::hedges_g
Non-parametric	2	r (rank-biserial correlation)	Yes	effectsize::rank_biserial
Robust	2	(Explanatory measure of effect size)	Yes	WRS2::yuen.effect.ci
Bayesian	2		Yes	bayestestR::describe_posterior

Here is a summary of multiple pairwise comparison tests supported in ggbetweenstats-

Type	Equal variance?	Test	p-value adjustment?	Function used
Parametric	No	Games-Howell test	Yes	stats::pairwise.t.test
Parametric	Yes	Student’s t-test	Yes	PMCMRplus::gamesHowellTest
Non-parametric	No	Dunn test	Yes	PMCMRplus::kwAllPairsDunnTest
Robust	No	Yuen’s trimmed means test	Yes	WRS2::lincon
Bayes Factor	NA	Student’s t-test	NA	BayesFactor::ttestBF

For more, see the ggbetweenstats vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggbetweenstats.html

ggwithinstats

ggbetweenstats function has an identical twin function ggwithinstats for repeated measures designs that behaves in the same fashion with a few minor tweaks introduced to properly visualize the repeated measures design. As can be seen from an example below, the only difference between the plot structure is that now the group means are connected by paths to highlight the fact that these data are paired with each other.

# for reproducibility and data
set.seed(123)
library(WRS2) # for data
library(afex) # to run anova

# plot
ggwithinstats(
  data = WineTasting,
  x = Wine,
  y = Taste,
  title = "Wine tasting",
  caption = "Data source: `WRS2` R package",
  ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_fivethirtyeight(),
  ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ raw data + distributions
✅ descriptive statistics
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ pairwise comparisons
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

The central tendency measure displayed will depend on the statistics:

Type	Measure	Function used
Parametric	mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Non-parametric	median	parameters::describe_distribution
Robust	trimmed mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Bayesian	MAP estimate	parameters::describe_distribution

As with the ggbetweenstats, this function also has a grouped_ variant that makes repeating the same analysis across a single grouping variable quicker. We will see an example with only repeated measurements-

# common setup
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_ggwithinstats(
  data = dplyr::filter(
    .data = bugs_long,
    region %in% c("Europe", "North America"),
    condition %in% c("LDLF", "LDHF")
  ),
  x = condition,
  y = desire,
  type = "np", # non-parametric statistics
  xlab = "Condition",
  ylab = "Desire to kill an artrhopod",
  grouping.var = region,
  outlier.tagging = TRUE,
  outlier.label = education
)

Summary of tests

The central tendency measure displayed will depend on the statistics:

Type	Measure	Function used
Parametric	mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Non-parametric	median	parameters::describe_distribution
Robust	trimmed mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Bayesian	MAP estimate	parameters::describe_distribution

MAP: maximum a posteriori probability

Following (within-subjects) tests are carried out for each type of analyses-

Type	No. of groups	Test	Function used
Parametric	> 2	One-way repeated measures ANOVA	afex::aov_ez
Non-parametric	> 2	Friedman rank sum test	stats::friedman.test
Robust	> 2	Heteroscedastic one-way repeated measures ANOVA for trimmed means	WRS2::rmanova
Bayes Factor	> 2	One-way repeated measures ANOVA	BayesFactor::anovaBF
Parametric	2	Student’s t-test	stats::t.test
Non-parametric	2	Wilcoxon signed-rank test	stats::wilcox.test
Robust	2	Yuen’s test on trimmed means for dependent samples	WRS2::yuend
Bayesian	2	Student’s t-test	BayesFactor::ttestBF

Following effect sizes (and confidence intervals/CI) are available for each type of test-

Type	No. of groups	Effect size	CI?	Function used
Parametric	> 2	,	Yes	effectsize::omega_squared, effectsize::eta_squared
Non-parametric	> 2	(Kendall’s coefficient of concordance)	Yes	effectsize::kendalls_w
Robust	> 2	Yes	Algina-Keselman-Penfield robust standardized difference average	WRS2::wmcpAKP
Bayes Factor	> 2		Yes	performance::r2_bayes
Parametric	2	Cohen’s d, Hedge’s g	Yes	effectsize::cohens_d, effectsize::hedges_g
Non-parametric	2	r (rank-biserial correlation)	Yes	effectsize::rank_biserial
Robust	2	(Algina-Keselman-Penfield robust standardized difference)	Yes	WRS2::dep.effect
Bayesian	2		Yes	bayestestR::describe_posterior

Here is a summary of multiple pairwise comparison tests supported in ggwithinstats-

Type	Test	p-value adjustment?	Function used
Parametric	Student’s t-test	Yes	stats::pairwise.t.test
Non-parametric	Durbin-Conover test	Yes	PMCMRplus::durbinAllPairsTest
Robust	Yuen’s trimmed means test	Yes	WRS2::rmmcp
Bayesian	Student’s t-test	NA	BayesFactor::ttestBF

For more, see the ggwithinstats vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggwithinstats.html

gghistostats

To visualize the distribution of a single variable and check if its mean is significantly different from a specified value with a one-sample test, gghistostats can be used.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
gghistostats(
  data = ggplot2::msleep, # dataframe from which variable is to be taken
  x = awake, # numeric variable whose distribution is of interest
  title = "Amount of time spent awake", # title for the plot
  caption = substitute(paste(italic("Source: "), "Mammalian sleep data set")),
  test.value = 12, # default value is 0
  binwidth = 1, # binwidth value (experiment)
  ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_tw(), # choosing a different theme
  ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE # turn off ggstatsplot theme layer
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ counts + proportion for bins
✅ descriptive statistics
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

There is also a grouped_ variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_gghistostats(
  data = dplyr::filter(
    .data = movies_long,
    genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
  ),
  x = budget,
  test.value = 50,
  type = "nonparametric",
  xlab = "Movies budget (in million US$)",
  grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
  normal.curve = TRUE, # superimpose a normal distribution curve
  normal.curve.args = list(color = "red", size = 1),
  ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_tufte(),
  # modify the defaults from `ggstatsplot` for each plot
  ggplot.component = ggplot2::labs(caption = "Source: IMDB.com"),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2),
  annotation.args = list(title = "Movies budgets for different genres")
)

Summary of tests

The central tendency measure displayed will depend on the statistics:

Type	Measure	Function used
Parametric	mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Non-parametric	median	parameters::describe_distribution
Robust	trimmed mean	parameters::describe_distribution
Bayesian	MAP estimate	parameters::describe_distribution

Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses-

Type	Test	Function used
Parametric	One-sample Student’s t-test	stats::t.test
Non-parametric	One-sample Wilcoxon test	stats::wilcox.test
Robust	Bootstrap-t method for one-sample test	trimcibt (custom)
Bayesian	One-sample Student’s t-test	BayesFactor::ttestBF

Following effect sizes (and confidence intervals/CI) are available for each type of test-

Type	Effect size	CI?	Function used
Parametric	Cohen’s d, Hedge’s g	Yes	effectsize::cohens_d, effectsize::hedges_g
Non-parametric	r (rank-biserial correlation)	Yes	effectsize::rank_biserial
Robust	trimmed mean	Yes	trimcibt (custom)
Bayes Factor		Yes	bayestestR::describe_posterior

For more, including information about the variant of this function grouped_gghistostats, see the gghistostats vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/gghistostats.html

ggdotplotstats

This function is similar to gghistostats, but is intended to be used when the numeric variable also has a label.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
ggdotplotstats(
  data = dplyr::filter(.data = gapminder::gapminder, continent == "Asia"),
  y = country,
  x = lifeExp,
  test.value = 55,
  type = "robust",
  title = "Distribution of life expectancy in Asian continent",
  xlab = "Life expectancy",
  caption = substitute(
    paste(
      italic("Source"),
      ": Gapminder dataset from https://www.gapminder.org/"
    )
  )
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ descriptives (mean + sample size)
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

As with the rest of the functions in this package, there is also a grouped_ variant of this function to facilitate looping the same operation for all levels of a single grouping variable.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_ggdotplotstats(
  data = dplyr::filter(.data = ggplot2::mpg, cyl %in% c("4", "6")),
  x = cty,
  y = manufacturer,
  type = "bayes", # Bayesian test
  xlab = "city miles per gallon",
  ylab = "car manufacturer",
  grouping.var = cyl, # grouping variable
  test.value = 15.5,
  point.args = list(color = "red", size = 5, shape = 13),
  annotation.args = list(title = "Fuel economy data")
)

Summary of tests

This is identical to summary of tests for gghistostats.

ggscatterstats

This function creates a scatterplot with marginal distributions overlaid on the axes (from ggExtra::ggMarginal) and results from statistical tests in the subtitle:

ggscatterstats(
  data = ggplot2::msleep,
  x = sleep_rem,
  y = awake,
  xlab = "REM sleep (in hours)",
  ylab = "Amount of time spent awake (in hours)",
  title = "Understanding mammalian sleep"
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ raw data + distributions
✅ marginal distributions
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

The available marginal distributions are-

• histograms
• boxplots
• density
• violin
• densigram (density + histogram)

Number of other arguments can be specified to modify this basic plot-

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
ggscatterstats(
  data = dplyr::filter(.data = movies_long, genre == "Action"),
  x = budget,
  y = rating,
  type = "robust", # type of test that needs to be run
  xlab = "Movie budget (in million/ US$)", # label for x axis
  ylab = "IMDB rating", # label for y axis
  label.var = title, # variable for labeling data points
  label.expression = rating < 5 & budget > 100, # expression that decides which points to label
  title = "Movie budget and IMDB rating (action)", # title text for the plot
  caption = expression(paste(italic("Note"), ": IMDB stands for Internet Movie DataBase")),
  ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_ps(), # choosing a different theme
  ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE, # turn off `ggstatsplot` theme layer
  marginal.type = "boxplot", # type of marginal distribution to be displayed
  xfill = "pink", # color fill for x-axis marginal distribution
  yfill = "#009E73" # color fill for y-axis marginal distribution
)

Additionally, there is also a grouped_ variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable. Also, note that, as opposed to the other functions, this function does not return a ggplot object and any modification you want to make can be made in advance using ggplot.component argument (available for all functions, but especially useful here):

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_ggscatterstats(
  data = dplyr::filter(
    .data = movies_long,
    genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
  ),
  x = rating,
  y = length,
  grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
  label.var = title,
  label.expression = length > 200,
  xlab = "IMDB rating",
  ggtheme = ggplot2::theme_grey(),
  ggplot.component = list(
    ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(2, 9, 1), limits = (c(2, 9)))
  ),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2),
  annotation.args = list(title = "Relationship between movie length by IMDB ratings for different genres")
)

Summary of tests

Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses. Additionally, the correlation coefficients (and their confidence intervals) are used as effect sizes-

Type	Test	CI?	Function used
Parametric	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	Yes	correlation::correlation
Non-parametric	Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient	Yes	correlation::correlation
Robust	Winsorized Pearson correlation coefficient	Yes	correlation::correlation
Bayesian	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	Yes	correlation::correlation

For more, see the ggscatterstats vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggscatterstats.html

ggcorrmat

ggcorrmat makes a correlalogram (a matrix of correlation coefficients) with minimal amount of code. Just sticking to the defaults itself produces publication-ready correlation matrices. But, for the sake of exploring the available options, let’s change some of the defaults. For example, multiple aesthetics-related arguments can be modified to change the appearance of the correlation matrix.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# as a default this function outputs a correlation matrix plot
ggcorrmat(
  data = ggplot2::msleep,
  colors = c("#B2182B", "white", "#4D4D4D"),
  title = "Correlalogram for mammals sleep dataset",
  subtitle = "sleep units: hours; weight units: kilograms"
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ effect size + significance
✅ careful handling of NAs

If there are NAs present in the selected variables, the legend will display minimum, median, and maximum number of pairs used for correlation tests.

There is also a grouped_ variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_ggcorrmat(
  data = dplyr::filter(
    .data = movies_long,
    genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
  ),
  type = "robust", # correlation method
  colors = c("#cbac43", "white", "#550000"),
  grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
  matrix.type = "lower" # type of matrix
)

You can also get a dataframe containing all relevant details from the statistical tests:

# setup
set.seed(123)

# dataframe in long format
ggcorrmat(
  data = ggplot2::msleep,
  type = "bayes",
  output = "dataframe"
)
#> # A tibble: 15 x 14
#>    parameter1  parameter2  estimate conf.level conf.low conf.high    pd
#>    <chr>       <chr>          <dbl>      <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
#>  1 sleep_total sleep_rem      0.731       0.95    0.617    0.810  1    
#>  2 sleep_total sleep_cycle   -0.432       0.95   -0.678   -0.223  0.995
#>  3 sleep_total awake         -1.00        0.95   -1.00    -1.00   1    
#>  4 sleep_total brainwt       -0.339       0.95   -0.523   -0.156  0.996
#>  5 sleep_total bodywt        -0.300       0.95   -0.458   -0.142  0.997
#>  6 sleep_rem   sleep_cycle   -0.306       0.95   -0.535   -0.0555 0.965
#>  7 sleep_rem   awake         -0.734       0.95   -0.824   -0.638  1    
#>  8 sleep_rem   brainwt       -0.202       0.95   -0.410    0.0130 0.927
#>  9 sleep_rem   bodywt        -0.315       0.95   -0.481   -0.120  0.994
#> 10 sleep_cycle awake          0.441       0.95    0.226    0.662  0.995
#> 11 sleep_cycle brainwt        0.823       0.95    0.720    0.911  1    
#> 12 sleep_cycle bodywt         0.386       0.95    0.145    0.610  0.992
#> 13 awake       brainwt        0.341       0.95    0.154    0.524  0.992
#> 14 awake       bodywt         0.299       0.95    0.139    0.454  0.998
#> 15 brainwt     bodywt         0.926       0.95    0.896    0.957  1    
#>    rope.percentage prior.distribution prior.location prior.scale bayes.factor
#>              <dbl> <chr>                       <dbl>       <dbl>        <dbl>
#>  1          0      beta                         1.41        1.41     3.00e+ 9
#>  2          0.0173 beta                         1.41        1.41     8.85e+ 0
#>  3          0      beta                         1.41        1.41    NA       
#>  4          0.028  beta                         1.41        1.41     7.29e+ 0
#>  5          0.0292 beta                         1.41        1.41     9.28e+ 0
#>  6          0.091  beta                         1.41        1.41     1.42e+ 0
#>  7          0      beta                         1.41        1.41     3.01e+ 9
#>  8          0.212  beta                         1.41        1.41     6.54e- 1
#>  9          0.0362 beta                         1.41        1.41     4.80e+ 0
#> 10          0.0158 beta                         1.41        1.41     8.85e+ 0
#> 11          0      beta                         1.41        1.41     3.80e+ 6
#> 12          0.0392 beta                         1.41        1.41     3.76e+ 0
#> 13          0.0253 beta                         1.41        1.41     7.29e+ 0
#> 14          0.0265 beta                         1.41        1.41     9.27e+ 0
#> 15          0      beta                         1.41        1.41     1.58e+22
#>    method                       n.obs
#>    <chr>                        <int>
#>  1 Bayesian Pearson correlation    61
#>  2 Bayesian Pearson correlation    32
#>  3 Bayesian Pearson correlation    83
#>  4 Bayesian Pearson correlation    56
#>  5 Bayesian Pearson correlation    83
#>  6 Bayesian Pearson correlation    32
#>  7 Bayesian Pearson correlation    61
#>  8 Bayesian Pearson correlation    48
#>  9 Bayesian Pearson correlation    61
#> 10 Bayesian Pearson correlation    32
#> 11 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 12 Bayesian Pearson correlation    32
#> 13 Bayesian Pearson correlation    56
#> 14 Bayesian Pearson correlation    83
#> 15 Bayesian Pearson correlation    56

Additionally, partial correlation are also supported:

# setup
set.seed(123)

# dataframe in long format
ggcorrmat(
  data = ggplot2::msleep,
  type = "bayes",
  partial = TRUE,
  output = "dataframe"
)
#> # A tibble: 15 x 14
#>    parameter1  parameter2  estimate conf.level conf.low conf.high    pd
#>    <chr>       <chr>          <dbl>      <dbl>    <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
#>  1 sleep_total sleep_rem    0.279         0.95   0.0202     0.550 0.940
#>  2 sleep_total sleep_cycle -0.0181        0.95  -0.306      0.254 0.543
#>  3 sleep_total awake       -1             0.95  -1         -1     1    
#>  4 sleep_total brainwt     -0.0818        0.95  -0.352      0.192 0.678
#>  5 sleep_total bodywt      -0.163         0.95  -0.425      0.121 0.818
#>  6 sleep_rem   sleep_cycle -0.0666        0.95  -0.335      0.222 0.643
#>  7 sleep_rem   awake        0.0505        0.95  -0.212      0.328 0.611
#>  8 sleep_rem   brainwt      0.0811        0.95  -0.235      0.326 0.668
#>  9 sleep_rem   bodywt      -0.0190        0.95  -0.296      0.265 0.544
#> 10 sleep_cycle awake       -0.00603       0.95  -0.278      0.279 0.516
#> 11 sleep_cycle brainwt      0.764         0.95   0.637      0.871 1    
#> 12 sleep_cycle bodywt      -0.0865        0.95  -0.351      0.187 0.691
#> 13 awake       brainwt     -0.0854        0.95  -0.349      0.205 0.690
#> 14 awake       bodywt      -0.407         0.95  -0.630     -0.146 0.991
#> 15 brainwt     bodywt       0.229         0.95  -0.0341     0.484 0.904
#>    rope.percentage prior.distribution prior.location prior.scale bayes.factor
#>              <dbl> <chr>                       <dbl>       <dbl>        <dbl>
#>  1           0.133 beta                         1.41        1.41        1.04 
#>  2           0.418 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.277
#>  3           0     beta                         1.41        1.41       NA    
#>  4           0.390 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.311
#>  5           0.294 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.417
#>  6           0.404 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.297
#>  7           0.411 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.287
#>  8           0.380 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.303
#>  9           0.424 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.280
#> 10           0.422 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.276
#> 11           0     beta                         1.41        1.41   131029.   
#> 12           0.393 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.309
#> 13           0.390 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.310
#> 14           0.033 beta                         1.41        1.41        4.82 
#> 15           0.206 beta                         1.41        1.41        0.637
#>    method                       n.obs
#>    <chr>                        <int>
#>  1 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  2 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  3 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  4 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  5 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  6 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  7 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  8 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#>  9 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 10 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 11 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 12 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 13 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 14 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30
#> 15 Bayesian Pearson correlation    30

Summary of tests

Type	Test	CI?	partial?	Function used
Parametric	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	Yes	Yes	correlation::correlation
Non-parametric	Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient	Yes	Yes	correlation::correlation
Robust	Winsorized Pearson correlation coefficient	Yes	Yes	correlation::correlation
Bayesian	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	Yes	Yes	correlation::correlation

For examples and more information, see the ggcorrmat vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggcorrmat.html

ggpiestats

This function creates a pie chart for categorical or nominal variables with results from contingency table analysis (Pearson’s chi-squared test for between-subjects design and McNemar’s chi-squared test for within-subjects design) included in the subtitle of the plot. If only one categorical variable is entered, results from one-sample proportion test (i.e., a chi-squared goodness of fit test) will be displayed as a subtitle.

To study an interaction between two categorical variables:

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
ggpiestats(
  data = mtcars,
  x = am,
  y = cyl,
  title = "Dataset: Motor Trend Car Road Tests", # title for the plot
  legend.title = "Transmission", # title for the legend
  caption = substitute(paste(italic("Source"), ": 1974 Motor Trend US magazine"))
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ descriptives (frequency + %s)
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ Goodness-of-fit tests
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

In case of repeated measures designs, setting paired = TRUE will produce results from McNemar’s chi-squared test-

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# data
df_paired <-
  data.frame(
    "before" = c("Approve", "Approve", "Disapprove", "Disapprove"),
    "after" = c("Approve", "Disapprove", "Approve", "Disapprove"),
    counts = c(794, 150, 86, 570),
    check.names = FALSE
  )

# plot
ggpiestats(
  data = df_paired,
  x = before,
  y = after,
  counts = counts,
  title = "Survey results before and after the intervention",
  label = "both",
  paired = TRUE, # within-subjects design
  package = "wesanderson",
  palette = "Royal1"
)

Additionally, there is also a grouped_ variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable. Following example is a case where the theoretical question is about proportions for different levels of a single nominal variable:

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# plot
grouped_ggpiestats(
  data = movies_long,
  x = genre,
  grouping.var = mpaa, # grouping variable
  label.repel = TRUE, # repel labels (helpful for overlapping labels)
  package = "ggsci", # package from which color palette is to be taken
  palette = "default_ucscgb", # choosing a different color palette
  annotation.args = list(title = "Composition of MPAA ratings for different genres"),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2)
)

Summary of tests

Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses-

Type of data	Design	Test	Function used
Unpaired	contingency table	Pearson’s test	stats::chisq.test
Paired	contingency table	McNemar’s test	stats::mcnemar.test
Frequency	contingency table	Goodness of fit ( test)	stats::chisq.test

Following effect sizes (and confidence intervals/CI) are available for each type of test-

Test	Effect size	CI?	Function used
Pearson’s test	Cramer’s	Yes	effectsize::cramers_v
McNemar’s test	Cohen’s	Yes	effectsize::cohens_g
Goodness of fit	Cramer’s	Yes	effectsize::cramers_v

For more, see the ggpiestats vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggpiestats.html

ggbarstats

In case you are not a fan of pie charts (for very good reasons), you can alternatively use ggbarstats function which has a similar syntax.

N.B. The p-values from one-sample proportion test are displayed on top of each bar.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
library(ggplot2)

# plot
ggbarstats(
  data = movies_long,
  x = mpaa,
  y = genre,
  title = "MPAA Ratings by Genre",
  xlab = "movie genre",
  legend.title = "MPAA rating",
  ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_pub(),
  ggplot.component = list(ggplot2::scale_x_discrete(guide = ggplot2::guide_axis(n.dodge = 2))),
  palette = "Set2"
)

📝 Defaults return

✅ descriptives (frequency + %s)
✅ inferential statistics
✅ effect size + CIs
✅ Goodness-of-fit tests
✅ Bayesian hypothesis-testing
✅ Bayesian estimation

And, needless to say, there is also a grouped_ variant of this function-

# setup
set.seed(123)

# smaller dataset
df <-
  dplyr::filter(
    .data = forcats::gss_cat,
    race %in% c("Black", "White"),
    relig %in% c("Protestant", "Catholic", "None"),
    !partyid %in% c("No answer", "Don't know", "Other party")
  )

# plot
grouped_ggbarstats(
  data = df,
  x = relig,
  y = partyid,
  grouping.var = race,
  label = "both",
  xlab = "Party affiliation",
  package = "wesanderson",
  palette = "Darjeeling2",
  ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_tufte(base_size = 12),
  ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE,
  annotation.args = list(title = "Race, religion, and political affiliation"),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2)
)

Summary of tests

This is identical to the ggpiestats function summary of tests.

ggcoefstats

The function ggcoefstats generates dot-and-whisker plots for regression models saved in a tidy data frame. The tidy dataframes are prepared using parameters::model_parameters. Additionally, if available, the model summary indices are also extracted from performance::model_performance.

Although the statistical models displayed in the plot may differ based on the class of models being investigated, there are few aspects of the plot that will be invariant across models:

• The dot-whisker plot contains a dot representing the estimate and their confidence intervals (95% is the default). The estimate can either be effect sizes (for tests that depend on the F statistic) or regression coefficients (for tests with t and z statistic), etc. The function will, by default, display a helpful x-axis label that should clear up what estimates are being displayed. The confidence intervals can sometimes be asymmetric if bootstrapping was used.

• The caption will always contain diagnostic information, if available, about models that can be useful for model selection: The smaller the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) values, the “better” the model is.

• The output of this function will be a ggplot2 object and, thus, it can be further modified (e.g., change themes, etc.) with ggplot2 functions.

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# model
mod <- stats::lm(formula = mpg ~ am * cyl, data = mtcars)

# plot
ggcoefstats(mod)

📝 Defaults return

✅ inferential statistics
✅ estimate + CIs
✅ model summary (AIC

• BIC)
  

This default plot can be further modified to one’s liking with additional arguments (also, let’s use a different model now):

# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

# model
mod <- MASS::rlm(formula = mpg ~ am * cyl, data = mtcars)

# plot
ggcoefstats(
  x = mod,
  point.args = list(color = "red", size = 3, shape = 15),
  vline.args = list(size = 1, color = "#CC79A7", linetype = "dotdash"),
  title = "Car performance predicted by transmission & cylinder count",
  subtitle = "Source: 1974 Motor Trend US magazine",
  exclude.intercept = TRUE,
  ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_ps(),
  ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE
) + # note the order in which the labels are entered
  ggplot2::scale_y_discrete(labels = c("transmission", "cylinders", "interaction")) +
  ggplot2::labs(x = "regression coefficient", y = NULL)

Supported models

Most of the regression models that are supported in the underlying packages are also supported by ggcoefstats. For example-

aareg, afex_aov, anova, anova.mlm, anova, aov, aovlist, Arima, bam, bayesx, bayesGARCH, bayesQR, BBmm, BBreg, bcplm, betamfx, betaor, BFBayesFactor, bglmerMod, bife, bigglm, biglm, blavaan, bmlm, blmerMod, blrm, bracl, brglm, brglm2, brmsfit, brmultinom, btergm, cch, censReg, cgam, cgamm, cglm, clm, clm2, clmm, clmm2, coeftest, complmrob, confusionMatrix, coxme, coxph, coxr, coxph.penal, cpglm, cpglmm, crch, crq, crr, DirichReg, drc, eglm, elm, emmGrid, epi.2by2, ergm, feis, felm, fitdistr, fixest, flexsurvreg, gam, Gam, gamlss, garch, geeglm, glmc, glmerMod, glmmTMB, gls, glht, glm, glmm, glmmadmb, glmmPQL, glmRob, glmrob, glmx, gmm, HLfit, hurdle, ivFixed, ivprobit, ivreg, iv_robust, lavaan, lm, lm.beta, lmerMod, lmerModLmerTest, lmodel2, lmRob, lmrob, lm_robust, logitmfx, logitor, logitsf, LORgee, lqm, lqmm, lrm, manova, maov, margins, mcmc, mcmc.list, MCMCglmm, mclogit, mice, mmclogit, mediate, metafor, merMod, merModList, metaplus, mhurdle, mixor, mjoint, mle2, mlm, multinom, negbin, negbinmfx, negbinirr, nlmerMod, nlrq, nlreg, nls, orcutt, orm, plm, poissonmfx, poissonirr, polr, probitmfx, ridgelm, riskRegression, rjags, rlm, rlmerMod, robmixglm, rq, rqs, rqss, rrvglm, scam, semLm, semLme, slm, speedglm, speedlm, stanfit, stanreg, summary.lm, survreg, svyglm, svy_vglm, svyolr, tobit, truncreg, varest, vgam, vglm, wbgee, wblm, zeroinfl, etc.

Although not shown here, this function can also be used to carry out parametric, robust, and Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis.

Summary of meta-analysis tests

Type	Test	Effect size	95% CI available?	Function used
Parametric	Meta-analysis via random-effects models		Yes	metafor::metafor
Robust	Meta-analysis via robust random-effects models		Yes	metaplus::metaplus
Bayes	Meta-analysis via Bayesian random-effects models		Yes	metaBMA::meta_random

For a more exhaustive account of this function, see the associated vignette- https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggcoefstats.html

combine_plots

The full power of ggstatsplot can be leveraged with a functional programming package like purrr that replaces for loops with code that is both more succinct and easier to read and, therefore, purrr should be preferrred 😻.

In such cases, ggstatsplot contains a helper function combine_plots to combine multiple plots, which can be useful for combining a list of plots produced with purrr. This is a wrapper around patchwork::wrap_plots and lets you combine multiple plots and add a combination of title, caption, and annotation texts with suitable defaults.

For examples (both with plyr and purrr), see the associated vignette- https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/combine_plots.html

Using ggstatsplot statistical details with custom plots

Sometimes you may not like the default plots produced by ggstatsplot. In such cases, you can use other custom plots (from ggplot2 or other plotting packages) and still use ggstatsplot functions to display results from relevant statistical test.

For example, in the following chunk, we will create plot (ridgeplot) using ggridges package and use ggstatsplot function for extracting results.

# loading the needed libraries
set.seed(123)
library(ggridges)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggstatsplot)

# using `ggstatsplot` to get call with statistical results
stats_results <-
  ggbetweenstats(
    data = morley,
    x = Expt,
    y = Speed,
    output = "subtitle"
  )

# using `ggridges` to create plot
ggplot(morley, aes(x = Speed, y = as.factor(Expt), fill = as.factor(Expt))) +
  geom_density_ridges(
    jittered_points = TRUE,
    quantile_lines = TRUE,
    scale = 0.9,
    alpha = 0.7,
    vline_size = 1,
    vline_color = "red",
    point_size = 0.4,
    point_alpha = 1,
    position = position_raincloud(adjust_vlines = TRUE)
  ) + # adding annotations
  labs(
    title = "Michelson-Morley experiments",
    subtitle = stats_results,
    x = "Speed of light",
    y = "Experiment number"
  ) + # remove the legend
  theme(legend.position = "none")

Summary of benefits

• No need to use scores of packages for statistical analysis (e.g., one to get stats, one to get effect sizes, another to get Bayes Factors, and yet another to get pairwise comparisons, etc.).

• Minimal amount of code needed for all functions (typically only data, x, and y), which minimizes chances of error and makes for tidy scripts.

• Conveniently toggle between statistical approaches.

• Truly makes your figures worth a thousand words.

• No need to copy-paste results to the text editor (MS-Word, e.g.).

• Disembodied figures stand on their own and are easy to evaluate for the reader.

• More breathing room for theoretical discussion and other text.

• No need to worry about updating figures and statistical details separately.

Syntax simplicity

All functions produce publication-ready plots that require very few arguments if one finds the aesthetic and statistical defaults satisfying make the syntax much less cognitively demanding and easy to remember.

Misconceptions about ggstatsplot

This package is…

❌ an alternative to learning ggplot2
✅ (The better you know ggplot2, the more you can modify the defaults to your liking.)

❌ meant to be used in talks/presentations
✅ (Default plots can be too complicated for effectively communicating results in time-constrained presentation settings, e.g. conference talks.)

❌ the only game in town
✅ (GUI software alternatives: JASP and jamovi).

ggstatsverse: Components of ggstatsplot

To make the maintenance and development of ggstatsplot more manageable, it is being broken into smaller pieces. Currently, the package internally relies on the following packages that manage different aspects of statistical analyses:

statsExpressions

The statsExpressions package forms the statistical backend that processes data and creates expressions containing results from statistical tests and are by default displayed in as plot subtitle and caption.

For more exhaustive documentation for this package, see: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/statsExpressions/

pairwiseComparisons

The pairwiseComparisons package forms the pairwise comparison backend for creating results that are used to display post hoc multiple comparisons displayed in ggbetweenstats and ggwithinstats functions.

For more exhaustive documentation for this package, see: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/pairwiseComparisons/

ipmisc

The ipmisc package contains some of the data wrangling/cleaning functions and a few other miscellaneous functions.

For more exhaustive documentation for this package, see: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ipmisc/

Extensions

In case you use the GUI software jamovi, you can install a module called jjstatsplot, which is a wrapper around ggstatsplot.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank all the contributors to ggstatsplot who pointed out bugs or requested features I hadn’t considered. I would especially like to thank other package developers (especially Daniel Lüdecke, Dominique Makowski, Mattan S. Ben-Shachar, Patrick Mair, Salvatore Mangiafico, etc.) who have patiently and diligently answered my relentless number of questions and added feature requests I wanted. I also want to thank Chuck Powell for his initial contributions to the package.

The hexsticker was generously designed by Sarah Otterstetter (Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin). This package has also benefited from the larger rstats community on Twitter and StackOverflow.

Thanks are also due to my postdoc advisers (Mina Cikara and Fiery Cushman at Harvard University; Iyad Rahwan at Max Planck Institute for Human Development) who patiently supported me spending hundreds of hours working on this package rather than what I was paid to do. 😄

Code coverage

As the code stands right now, here is the code coverage for all primary functions involved: https://codecov.io/gh/IndrajeetPatil/ggstatsplot/tree/master/R

Contributing

I’m happy to receive bug reports, suggestions, questions, and (most of all) contributions to fix problems and add features. I personally prefer using the GitHub issues system over trying to reach out to me in other ways (personal e-mail, Twitter, etc.). Pull Requests for contributions are encouraged.

Here are some simple ways in which you can contribute (in the increasing order of commitment):

• Read and correct any inconsistencies in the documentation

• Raise issues about bugs or wanted features

• Review code

• Add new functionality (in the form of new plotting functions or helpers for preparing subtitles)

Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.

Session Information

For reproducibility purposes, the details about the session information in which this document was rendered, see- https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/session_info.html