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hloc - the hierarchical localization toolbox
This is hloc, a modular toolbox for state-of-the-art 6-DoF visual localization. It implements Hierarchical Localization, leveraging image retrieval and feature matching, and is fast, accurate, and scalable. This codebase won the indoor/outdoor localization challenge at CVPR 2020, in combination with SuperGlue, our graph neural network for feature matching.
With hloc, you can:
- Reproduce our CVPR 2020 winning results on outdoor (Aachen) and indoor (InLoc) datasets
- Run Structure-from-Motion with SuperPoint+SuperGlue to localize with your own datasets
- Evaluate your own local features or image retrieval for visual localization
- Implement new localization pipelines and debug them easily 🔥
Hierachical Localization uses both image retrieval and feature matching
Installation
hloc requires Python >=3.6, PyTorch >=1.1, and COLMAP. Other minor dependencies are listed in requirements.txt. For pose estimation, we use pycolmap, which can be installed as:
pip install git+https://github.com/mihaidusmanu/pycolmap
This codebase includes external local features as git submodules – don't forget to pull submodules with git submodule update --init --recursive. Your local features are based on TensorFlow? No problem! See below for the steps.
We also provide a Docker image that includes COLMAP and other dependencies:
docker build -t hloc:latest .
docker run -it --rm -p 8888:8888 hloc:latest # for GPU support, add `--runtime=nvidia`
jupyter notebook --ip 0.0.0.0 --port 8888 --no-browser --allow-root
General pipeline
The toolbox is composed of scripts, which roughly perform the following steps:
- Extract SuperPoint local features for all database and query images
- Build a reference 3D SfM model
- Find covisible database images, with retrieval or a prior SfM model
- Match these database pairs with SuperGlue
- Triangulate a new SfM model with COLMAP
- Find database images relevant to each query, using retrieval
- Match the query images with SuperGlue
- Run the localization
- Visualize and debug
The localization can then be evaluated on visuallocalization.net for the supported datasets. When 3D Lidar scans are available, such as for the indoor dataset InLoc, step 2. can be skipped.
Strcture of the toolbox:
-
hloc/*.py: top-level scripts -
hloc/extractors/: interfaces for feature extractors -
hloc/matchers/: interfaces for feature matchers
Tasks
We provide step-by-step guides to localize with Aachen, InLoc, and to generate reference poses for your own data using SfM. Just download the datasets and you're reading to go!
Aachen – outdoor localization
Have a look at pipeline_Aachen.ipynb for a step-by-step guide on localizing with Aachen. Play with the visualization, try new local features or matcher, and have fun! Don't like notebooks? You can also run all scripts from the command line.
InLoc – indoor localization
The notebook pipeline_InLoc.ipynb shows the steps for localizing with InLoc. It's much simpler since a 3D SfM model is not needed.
SfM reconstruction from scratch
We show in pipeline_SfM.ipynb how to run 3D reconstruction for an unordered set of images. This generates reference poses, and a nice sparse 3D model suitable for localization with the same pipeline as Aachen.
Results
hloc currently supports SuperPoint and D2-Net local feature extractors; and SuperGlue and Nearest Neighbor matchers. Using NetVLAD for retrieval, we obtain the following best results:
| Methods | Aachen day | Aachen night | Retrieval |
|---|---|---|---|
| SuperPoint + SuperGlue | 89.6 / 95.4 / 98.8 | 86.7 / 93.9 / 100 | NetVLAD top 50 |
| SuperPoint + NN | 85.4 / 93.3 / 97.2 | 75.5 / 86.7 / 92.9 | NetVLAD top 30 |
| D2Net (SS) + NN | 84.6 / 91.4 / 97.1 | 83.7 / 90.8 / 100 | NetVLAD top 30 |
| Methods | InLoc DUC1 | InLoc DUC2 | Retrieval |
|---|---|---|---|
| SuperPoint + SuperGlue | 46.5 / 65.7 / 78.3 | 52.7 / 72.5 / 79.4 | NetVLAD top 40 |
| SuperPoint + SuperGlue (temporal) | 49.0 / 68.7 / 80.8 | 53.4 / 77.1 / 82.4 | NetVLAD top 40 |
| SuperPoint + NN | 39.9 / 55.6 / 67.2 | 37.4 / 57.3 / 70.2 | NetVLAD top 20 |
| D2Net (SS) + NN | 39.9 / 57.6 / 67.2 | 36.6 / 53.4 / 61.8 | NetVLAD top 20 |
Check out visuallocalization.net/benchmark for more details and additional baselines.
BibTex Citation
If you report any of the above results in a publication, or use any of the tools provided here, please consider citing both Hierarchical Localization and SuperGlue papers:
@inproceedings{sarlin2019coarse,
title = {From Coarse to Fine: Robust Hierarchical Localization at Large Scale},
author = {Paul-Edouard Sarlin and
Cesar Cadena and
Roland Siegwart and
Marcin Dymczyk},
booktitle = {CVPR},
year = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{sarlin2020superglue,
title = {{SuperGlue}: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networks},
author = {Paul-Edouard Sarlin and
Daniel DeTone and
Tomasz Malisiewicz and
Andrew Rabinovich},
booktitle = {CVPR},
year = {2020},
}
Going further
Debugging and Visualization
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Each localization run generates a pickle log file. For each query, it contains the selected database images, their matches, and information from the pose solver, such as RANSAC inliers. It can thus be parsed to gather statistics and analyze failure modes or difficult scenarios.
We also provide some visualization tools in hloc/visualization.py to visualize some attributes of the 3D SfM model, such as visibility of the keypoints, their track length, or estimated sparse depth (like below).
Using your own local features or matcher
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If your code is based on PyTorch: simply add a new interface in hloc/extractors/ or hloc/matchers/. It needs to inherit from hloc.utils.base_model.BaseModel, take as input a data dictionary, and output a prediction dictionary. Have a look at hloc/extractors/superpoint.py for an example. You can additionally define a standard configuration in hloc/extract_features.py or hloc/match_features.py - it can then be called directly from the command line.
If your code is based on TensorFlow: you will need to either modify hloc/extract_features.py and hloc/match_features.py, or export yourself the features and matches to HDF5 files, described below.
In a feature file, each key corresponds to the relative path of an image w.r.t. the dataset root (e.g. db/1.jpg for Aachen), and has one dataset per prediction (e.g. keypoints and descriptors, with shape Nx2 and DxN).
In a match file, each key corresponds to the string path0.replace('/', '-')+'_'+path1.replace('/', '-') and has a dataset matches0 with shape N. It indicates, for each keypoint in the first image, the index of the matching keypoint in the second image, or -1 if the keypoint is unmatched.
Using your own image retrieval
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For now hloc does not have an interface for image retrieval. You will need to export the global descriptors into an HDF5 file, in which each key corresponds to the relative path of an image w.r.t. the dataset root, and contains a dataset global_descriptor with size D. You can then export the images pairs with hloc/pairs_from_retrieval.py.
Contributions welcome!
External contributions are very much welcome. This is a non-exaustive list of features that might be valuable additions:
- [ ] more localization datasets (RobotCar Seasons, CMU Seasons, Aachen v1.1, Cambridge Landmarks, 7Scenes)
- [ ] covisibility clustering for InLoc
- [ ] visualization of the raw predictions (features and matches)
- [ ] interfaces for image retrieval (e.g. DIR, NetVLAD)
- [ ] other local features
Created and maintained by Paul-Edouard Sarlin.