Laika

Laika is an open-source GNSS processing library. Laika is similar to projects like RTKlib and GPSTK, but in Python and with a strong focus on readability, usability and easy integration with other optimizers. Laika can process raw GNSS observations with data gathered online from various analysis groups to produce data ready for position/velocity estimation. Laika is designed to produce accurate results whilst still being readable and easy to use. Laika is the perfect tool to develop accurate GNSS-only or GNSS-fusion localisation algorithms.

The GNSS problem

GNSS satellites orbit the earth broadcasting signals that allow the receiver to determine the distance to each satellite. These satellites have known orbits and so their positions are known. This makes determining the receiver's position a basic 3-dimensional trilateration problem. In practice observed distances to each satellite will be measured with some offset that is caused by the receiver's clock error. This offset also needs to be determined, making it a 4-dimensional trilateration problem.

Since this problem is generally overdetermined (more than 4 satellites to solve the 4d problem) there is a variety of methods to compute a position estimate from the measurements. Laika provides a basic weighted least squares solver for experimental purposes. This is far from optimal due to the dynamic nature of the system, this makes a Bayesian estimator like a Kalman filter the preferred estimator.

However, the above description is over-simplified. Getting accurate distance estimates to satellites and the satellite's position from the receiver observations is not trivial. This is what we call processing of the GNSS observables and it is this procedure laika is designed to make easy.

Astrodog

Astrodog is the main component of the laika. It is a python object, and like the soviet space dogs to which it owes its name, an astrodog will do everything to make the life of its owner easier. Which in this case is fetch and process all the necessary data to transform raw GNSS observables into usable distance measurements and satellite positions ready for position estimation.

Satellite info

Astrodog has a get_sat_info function that will provide an accurate position, velocity and clock error for any satellite at any time in history.

Pseudorange corrections

Astrodog has a get_delay function that will provide a pseudorange delay correction for any satellite at any time in history for the requested receiver position. This delay correction includes a correction for the tropospheric signal delay, ionospheric signal delay and differential code biases (DCBs) of the transmitting satellite.

This delay can either be estimated with mathematical models or with DGPS station observations, which is more accurate, but slower and only supported in the continental United States.

Architecture

GNSS processing requires getting data from the internet from various analysis groups such as NASA's CDDIS. AstroDog downloads files from FTP servers from these groups when it needs them. Downloading and parsing all this data can be slow. AstroDog caches all downloaded files locally to avoid re-downloading.

These files are then parsed by AstroDog and kept in memory. Every one of these parsed objects (DCBs, ionospheric models, satellite orbit polynomials, etc.) has a valid location area and/or a valid time window. Within those windows these objects can provide information relevant to GNSS processing.

Design principles of laika

• Should work without configuration or setup
• Default configuration should not compromise accuracy for anything

Laika's accuracy

To confirm the quality of Laika's GNSS processing, we ran laika's processing and a simple Kalman filter (procedure described in examples) on 2000 minutes of driving of a regular commute in San Francisco. The data comes from a "u-blox M8" chip. The fixes computed with laika's processed data are compared to the live navigation fixes given by the u-blox chip. They compared by looking at the standard deviation of all measured altitudes within every 5×5 m² in the dataset. There is no way to compare horizontal accuracy without ground truth, but there is no reason to believe that vertical and horizontal accuracy are not equally correlated for laika computed positions and u-blox's live positions. Data with the antenna on the roof and antenna inside the car are compared separately, since the results are significantly different.

Examples

• A comprehensive walkthrough of the main functions of AstroDog and other useful laika functions
• Computation of a Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) position with laika
• Using laika with a Kalman filter to get more accurate position fixes from a GPS module

Installation

Laika runs in Python 2.x, and has only been tested on Ubuntu 16.04. Running in a virtual environment is recommended.

laika

If you do not yet have numpy and scipy installed. Install them with pip. Having accelerated numpy will make laika much faster.

pip install numpy scipy

Then laika can be installed with

python setup.py install

The tests should now pass.

notebook examples

The notebook examples require some visualisation packages. To install them first you need

sudo apt-get install libfreetype6-dev

and then with pip

pip install -r requirements_examples.txt --user

Then you should be able to run the notebooks. The notebooks can be opened by running jupyter notebook and then navigating to the desired .ipynb file.

Useful GNSS references

• Comprehensive handbook of all things GNSS

• Concise clear explanations of most concepts